Chinese academia has generally recognized that the proper solving of rural issues is vital to China’s modernization and long-term stability of society. In the context of new urbanization, the paper focuses on the key to China's new urbanization policy, which is “to modernize not only the city, but also the rural area”. It also explores important means to satisfy the needs for the modernization of rural areas, in terms of economy, land, management, environment, and culture. Through literature analysis, field investigation, and systematic research, it is internationally proved that proper planning, construction, and management of villages and towns can help guide the orderly and healthy development of rural areas. Therefore, to promote rural development and address the existing “rural problems”, it is crucial for China to establish a set of planning theories and methods to guide the modernization of rural areas, based on rural differentiation, diversification, and greenization. The key lies in respecting the law of rural development, building an integrated urban-rural system with urban-rural distinction, and improving the technical means required in rural development, construction, and protection. Specific proposals on the reform of village planning, construction, and management are also put forward, including laws formulation, system innovation, local design, platform management, environmental renovation, and space construction.
This paper attempts to explore the current characteristics and development trends of villages and towns in China through field research and large data analysis. Generally speaking, it is expected that China's villages and towns will continue three major development trends. First, urban and rural areas will coexist for a long time, with moderate rural agglomeration, and small towns are facing new development opportunities when experiencing decline. Second, it is expected that the urban and rural areas in the eastern, central, and western regions will agglomerate in different modes, and the differentiation trend within small towns will intensify. Third, with the transformation and upgrading of rural industries, many new functions and new formats will enter rural areas; Fourth, with the continuous improvement of rural economies, the supply of basic public services has become the focus of the construction of grass-roots villages and towns and will further affect the integration and reconstruction of the spatial pattern of villages and towns.
Through investigations on several provinces, the research group of village planning, construction, and management summarizes three major problems in village planning and management in China. First, the guiding ideology, methods, and contents of village planning in China do not satisfy the requirements for construction of a new urban-rural relationship or for rural development. Second, the current planning and management system and management mode do not accord with the characteristics of rural grass-roots governance system or the reality of construction management and control. Third, the supply mode of land and pattern of land use do not meet the overall goal of rational land use or the actual needs of rural construction and development. Moreover, combined with the relevant domestic innovative practices and development trend prediction, this paper proposed the following policy recommendations: perfecting laws and regulations to promote the systematization and legalization of village planning, construction, operation, and management; systematically establishing a rural planning compilation system with the county as the unit; coordinating all construction behaviors of villages and towns by village planning; innovating the planning compilation and management mode based on effective rural governance; and adopting new technical means to support village planning compilation and management.
This paper divides the rural planning theories in China into three stages, that is, traditional city-rural interaction (before the founding of the PRC), modern city-rural separation (after the founding of the PRC–2016), and new-era city-rural integration (2017–), and summarizes the characteristics of theories in different stages. Chinese traditional rural planning theories include geomantic theorybased physical planning theory, and human culture-oriented management ideas and methods; these two parts complement each other. After China’s Reform and Opening Up in 1978, urban planning theory has been employed in rural planning. The contemporary rural planning theory develops under the background of city-rural integration and carries out with a simplified rural administrative licensing system. In recent years, rural planning begins to transform and combine with multidisciplinary theories, thus to explore the origin of developmental.
For a long time, rural planning has been following the system of urban planning and design, and the results of rural planning are expressed in general maps or aerial views. Many local governments have made rounds of planning, but only little improvement has been made on rural landscape. This results from the neglect of the inherent cultural heritance of villages and the inherent role of cultural values. Urban planning and design methods cannot be used directly to demarcate rural areas. Therefore, we need to form a new planning and design theory which considers rural culture heritance. The micro-intervention planning theory is a cultural-guided planning strategy for rural revival, where the rural areas are transformed and revived using a progressive approach. This strategy is more suitable for rural planning than the big-scale demolition and reforms being conducted in the new round of rural planning process in China.
This paper delves into the rural orientation depicted in the 7th-edition Japanese spatial planning, rural planning guidelines and contents of typical regions, and rural governance in Japan. Under the guidance of local governments and village selfgovernment committees and by exploring and promoting regional features, Japanese rural planning, construction, and governance focus on traditional culture protection, characteristic industry revitalization, planning formulation, and construction behavior governance. Japan’s experiences have reference significance for China in the aspects of future rural orientation, rural planning target and content, as well as division of rural grassroots governance.
To address the problems of large amount of abandoned land, unused land, and degraded land, the paper analyses three cases of Yucheng, Yan’an and Yulin, and systematically interprets the role of land engineering technology in ensuring land and food security, coordinating rural man-land relationship, and promoting efficient rural land use. It further investigates the relationship between land engineering and rural sustainable development. The paper proposes that the exercise of land engineering can help with rural reconsstruction, and improve rural resilience against external shocks and fluctuations. Land engineering contributes positively to the rural vitalization strategy. Finally, the paper indicates that land engineering should consider rural suitability and adapt to local conditions, and also calls for scientific planning and design.
Land is the all-important resource and material for human survival and development. Healthy, ecological, and highly efficient farmland is the basis of modern agriculture. Eliminating land use obstacles and improving crop living conditions are important for providing healthy and fertile soils for improved crop varieties. This study intends to address the issues of sandy land consolidation and sustainable use in Mu Us Sandy Land area. Soil reconstruction with natural red clay or loess is an economical and ecological method for sandy land improvement. Complex technology systems and patterns are constructed through land consolidation engineering experiments, including sandy land structuralization consolidation, crop varieties optimized selection, and water and fertilizer precision management. Sandy soil oriented consolidation will provide scientific supporting for degraded land consolidation and modern agrciultural development. In the furture, a related land engineering technonolgy system and a whole-chain land project management mechanism should be intensified through soil reconstruction, farmland building, and soil improvement from micro, meso, and macro level, respectively.
This study aims to propose policy recommendations for improving the quality of medical education and clinical training in China. Using several strategic research methods such as data and evidence analysis, we learned the experiences and lessons for a homogenization of medical education and clinical training as well as a balanced mechanism between medical professionals’ supply and medical demands. Results and conclusions are presented as follows. First, it is important to enhance the strategic position of medical education and personnel training and to establish a coordination mechanism at the national level. Second, we recommend a dynamic planning for the enrollment of China’s medical schools based on the systematic analysis of medical demand, and promoting medical curriculum system reform. We suggest gradually arriving at a tradition of elite education and a homogenization of clinical training. Third, we argue progressively abolishing the entrance examinations and dissertations for achieving the master and doctoral degree in clinical sector. The best way is to combine personnel training with master and/or doctoral degree granting, and promote the role transition for clinicians from “institutional staff” to “medical professionals”. Fourth, we recommend accelerating a pilot reform of personnel compensation system and performance evaluation system for clinicians to reshape the attractiveness of medical career. In addition, it is imperative to build a public health-oriented clinical training system based on the concept of “health for all”. Furthermore, it is also very important to reform traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) higher education in China and explore a new clinical training model for TCM residents. Last but not least, we recommend establishing a National Health Research Foundation to improve the innovation capability of clinical research in China.
Under the ever-changing status of the global health and the rising of Healthy China as a national strategy, there are certain deficiencies and problems in the input, process, and output stages of the current public health talent education in China. Based on an international perspective and the domestic demand, this study analyzes the status and problems of public health education in China, and proposes a series of policy recommendations, including constructing a comprehensive public health talent training system that has Chinese characteristics and involves college education, postgraduate education, and continuous education; standardizing undergraduate education, optimizing postgraduate education, and strengthening continuous education; and establishing and improving the permit standards for medical colleges and universities, professional education, and medical practitioners for public health. Furthermore, the government should fulfill its full responsibility in public health education reforms.
College medical education shoulders the two livelihood projects of education and health, as well as the important task of providing high-quality talents for the medical and healthcare undertakings. As people’s demand for health grows day by day, the medical service model has undergone significant changes in China, and the development trend of education in international medical colleges and universities puts forward higher requirements for medical colleges and universities in China. This article analyses the development status of college education for medical and healthcare personnel in China as well as the existing problems, probes into a novel national college education framework for medical and healthcare talents by taking advanced international medical education modes as reference, and puts forward relevant policy recommendations, thereby providing new thoughts for cultivating excellent medical talents in China, protecting people’s health, and promoting the development of medical industry.
After nearly 30 years of exploration and practice, a “5+3” and “3+2” general practitioner (GP) training mode has been preliminarily established in China. However, China still lacks qualified GPs. In this paper, after analyzing the current situation of GP training in China, we found that the post of GP is unattractive in China; the GP training system is incomplete and lacks a process assessment mechanism; the certification and re-certification mechanisms of training bases are incomplete; and the continuous vocational development education needs to be standardized. Then, we summarize the experiences of some major countries in the world, and propose the following policy recommendations: improving the remuneration of GPs, establishing a comprehensive GP training system focusing on post competence, establishing a normalized assessment and certification mechanism for GP training bases, and setting up continuous vocational education bases for GPs.
Based on the strategic background of the transformation of pharmaceutical research from generic drugs to original innovative drugs, the current situation of pharmaceutical personnel training in China and the problems existing in the process of pharmaceutical personnel training in colleges and universities were summarized in this paper, and some suggestions on the cultivation of innovative pharmaceutical personnel in China were proposed after investigation and visits to the industry and academia. Innovative pharmaceutical talents should have innovation consciousness, an international vision, interdisciplinary capabilities, a realistic and practical attitude, a strong sense of social responsibility, a good teamwork spirit, and excellent communication skills, thus to better meet the needs for elite pharmaceutical talents for national, local, and industrial development.
This paper studies the existing experience in China and abroad, analyzes the challenges faced by forensic talents training in China, and proposes policy recommendations to promote the development of education of forensic medicine: to establish the firstlevel discipline of forensic medicine to promote the overall strength of forensic medical science; to establish an eight-year training system for forensic medicine to innovate forensic medicine talent training mode; to set a professional degree for forensic medical postgraduates to meet the needs for high-quality applied talents; to establish a continuing education system to ensure the competence and professional level of forensic experts; and to provide forensic courses for clinical medical students to enhance their forensic awareness.
The imbalance between supply and demand in terms of talent cultivation scale, structure, and quality is one of the key issues facing the cultivation of medical personnel in China. The supply of medical talents in China cannot meet the growing demand for health, the quality of personnel training is uneven, and the talent supply structure does not match social needs. Through the research and discussion on the forms and contents of medical education in the United States and the United Kingdom, this paper proposes the enlightenment on how to maintain the balance between supply and demand of medical education in China and how to improve the efficiency of medical training. It is suggested to gradually establish a talent supply and demand balance mechanism where the number and structure of post-graduate education posts determines the enrollment scale and structure of medical colleges and universities, and establish a dynamic monitoring and early warning mechanism for the demand for medical talents. Furthermore, medical personnel training requires cross-departmental macro-coordination and regulation, and quality requirements such as a high threshold for doctors should be set to limit the cultivation scale of medical talents.
Medical education bears the heavy responsibility of training clinical talents for medical and healthcare services. To satisfy development needs of the “Healthy China” strategy, alleviate the scarcity of medical talents, and improve the quality of talents output in higher medical education, it is urgent to establish a complete, scientific, and effective teaching quality assurance system based on the particularity and regularity of higher medical education, thus to ensure the reform and development of medical education and gradually improve the quality of personnel training. This paper analyzes the main problems existing in the quality assurance system of higher medical education in China and proposes targeted countermeasures and suggestions, thereby providing references for further exploration and construction of a multi-level, scientific, and sound education quality assurance system that is suitable for the current situation of medical education in China.
This paper starts with the connotation of “new medicine” under the background of Healthy China, focuses on the “new medicine” talent training system, and illustrates the necessity and urgency of developing “new medicine” from three aspects, which are new strategic requirements for serving China’s health construction, external demands for meeting the country’s transformation and development, and internal demands for meeting the medical reform. This paper further elaborates the basic strategy of “1234” for developing “new medicine”, namely, adhering to the “new concept” of “one center”, establishing the “new quality” of “two types of balance”, promoting the “new system” of “three coordinations”, and strengthening the “new model” of “four kinds of crossing”. And this paper suggests that we should actively seek for strong support from government departments, comprehensively promote the overall development of medical personnel, and accelerate innovation in interdisciplinary integration, thus to provide useful reference for highlevel medical personnel training in China.
The new era prompts engineers to consider both the current plight and the future development trend in the engineering industry. Based on the practice in Island & Tunnel Project of Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge, this article raised a new theory of Intrinsical Management and defined it from the aspects of practice and etymology. Then it proposed three factors and four connotations of Intrinsical Management, established its logical model, and elaborated its process and methodology taking the Island & Tunnel Project of Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge as an example. Intrinsical Management is a product deriving from engineering management practices in China, and it integrates Chinese management philosophy with eastern and western advanced management ideas. Intrinsical Management regards human as the most important factor, emphasizes dialectical and positive views, and gives full play to the initiative of human. It is an innovative methodology for solving complicated engineering challenges, and is forward-looking and dynamically applicable to engineering practices. Intrinsical Management presents a simple philosophy of “orientation emerging while root standing”, and has a pervasive significance in large-scale project construction and engineering management in China.
Refining and chemical enterprises in urban areas and other densely-populated areas are facing great pressure of relocation or upgrade in China. To solve this problem, surveys were conducted on the oversea refinery industry to learn from their advanced security management experience. Then, the principles, performance indicators, and evaluation methods for safe, reliable, clean, and environment-friendly refining and chemical enterprises were defined. It is proposed that construction of safe, reliable, clean, and environment-friendly enterprises would be an effective way to settle this problem. Furthermore, two case studies were conducted, and the feasibility of this method was proved. It is suggested that departments concerned should adopt scientific methods to calculate the distance between enterprises and urban areas, and abide by it continually, so as to avoid the phenomenon that petrochemical enterprises were surrounded by urban areas. Moreover, different schemes should be carefully studied and scientifically evaluated before deciding whether the refining and chemical enterprises in densely-populated areas should be relocated or transformed in situ.