Sep 2015, Volume 17 Issue 9
    

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  • NULL
    2015, 17(9): 0-0.
  • The Project Team of "China Unconventional Natural Gas Development & Utilization Strategic Research
    2015, 17(9): 1-5.
    For the purpose of improving the overall sustainable development capacity of coal and realizing the harmonious development on coal utilization, and society, economy, resource and environment, The Chinese Academy of Engineering organized a major consulting project called “Strategic study on clean, efficient, sustainable exploitation and utilization of coal in China” in 2011, which studied the whole coal industrial chain including resource, exploitation, upgrading, transport, combustion, electricity generation, poly-generation, conversion, energy conservation and emission reduction. This paper discusses the strategic position and function of coal, analyzes and summarizes serious problems like security, ecology, greenhouse gas emission caused by massive coal utilization, and proposes the strategic thinking and objectives of clean, efficient, sustainable utilization of coal in China. It also defines strategic measures of “scientific development, overall upgrading, advanced electricity generation, distribution optimization, energy conservation and emission reduction, technical innovation”, which provide scientific support for making plan and policy about coal and energy in China.
  • The Project Team of "China Unconventional Natural Gas Development & Utilization Strategic Research
    2015, 17(9): 6-10.
    The unconventional natural gas resources is abundant in China but with low degree of development and utilization. Moreover, there is advanced technology and experiences from outside China can be learned. It is of great strategic significance to accelerate the development and utilization of unconventional natural gas resources for economic and social development as well as the energy security. Based on the evaluation of the potential and exploitation trends of four types of unconventional natural gas resources, some strategies and measures were recommended in this paper. The studies suggested that the grand total technically recoverable resources of shale gas, tight gas and coal-bed methane in China is approximately 3.1×1013 m3, which is 1.5 times that of conventional natural gas resources. Both technological innovation and policy support from the government are the key to achieve the large-scale development and utilization of unconventional natural gas resources. A three-step strategy can be applied in the development and utilization of unconventional natural gas in China. The output of unconventional natural gas is predicted to draw equal with that of the conventional natural gas around 2020; it is expected to reach approximately 3×1011 m3 around 2030, accounting for 2/3 of the national total. It will be the main contributor for the sustainable and sound development of China’s natural gas industry.
  • The Research Group of "Strategic Research on Promoting Energy Revolution of Production and Consumption in China"
    2015, 17(9): 11-17.
    Energy is an important basis for the sustained and sound development of Chinese economy and society. Energy revolution of production and consumption is the only way to promote China’s development. As a national development strategy of promoting energy revolution of production and consumption, it has been gradually implementing. This paper indicates the significance of driving energy revolution of production and consumption from the perspective of the relationship between energy, economy and society. It elaborates the background of China’s energy revolution, and analyzes the major issues which affect the energy revolution through the historical experience of developed countries. Finally it proposes strategies for energy revolution based on current situation, in order to provide reference and support for energy revolution in China.
  • The Research Group of "Strategic Research on the Development of Energy ‘Golden Triangle’ Erea"
    2015, 17(9): 18-28.
    The “golden triangle” in terms of energy is in the crisis of development opportunity and the large-scale energy development leads a rapid economic development, so it takes a critical strategic position in energy structure of China. This paper elaborates the regional developing situation and comparative advantages on the development of energy, economy and society in this area, emphasizes severe homogenization on industrial structure, wasteful development of energy resource, disordered competition of coal conversion industry, high pressure of energy export, water shortage, and vulnerable ecological environment faced in the regional development. And it proposes strategic thinking of “overall plan, scientific development, ordered conversion, distribution optimization, multi-function synergy, low carbon ecology” to build the energy “golden triangle” pilot region for comprehensive reforms and promote regional integration development, and provides reference for promoting regional industry up gradation and sustainable development.
  • Peng Suping, Zhang Bo, Wang Tong
    2015, 17(9): 29-35.
    Coal is the dominant energy resource in China’s primary energy mix. The systematical identification of distribution pattern and occurrence characteristic of China’s coal resources can contribute to recognizing the current state of coal resources scientifically and adapting the strategy of sustainable development toward coal accordingly. Results show that the geographic distribution of China’s coal resources is controlled by two west-east transversal structural belts (i.e., Tianshan-Yinshan Line and Kunlun-Qingling-Dabieshan Line) and two south-north vertical structural belts (i.e., Da Hingganling-Taihangshan-Xuefengshan Line and Helanshan-Longmenshan Line), and then an octothorpe shaped distribution pattern is identified. The octothorpe shaped division can not only reflect the aggregation and distribution pattern of China’s coal basin and coal resources, but also be directly relative to the physical geographic feature, ecological environmental condition, and economic development level among regions. The Shanxi-Shaanxi-Western Inner Mongolia-Ningxia region and the Eastern Inner Mongolia region in the central area, and the North Xinjiang region in the western area are endowed with abundant coal resources. Meanwhile, the eastern area has the limited ensured reserves and faces exhaustion of recoverable resources except for several provinces of the Yellow-Thai-Hai region. To achieve the sustainable development of China’s coal resources under the current status and states, detailed strategic directions, targets, paths, and countermeasures are addressed in consideration of China’s energy security, ecological security and socio-economic development.
  • Xie Heping, Wang Jinhua, Jiang Pengfei, Liu Jianzhong, Wu Gang, Zhou Hongwei, Ren Huaiwei,
    2015, 17(9): 36-41.
    As a pillar in China’s traditional energy industry, coal mining industry will change significantly under the new normal of the Chinese economy. Scientific mining becomes a trend which is characterized by intelligence, safety and green. In this paper, strategic direction of coal mining technology evolutions is proposed based on scientific coal mining concepts. Systematic discussions on the potential stages of the coal mining technology evolutions from 2016 to 2030 are presented, including upgrading and updating technology, developing and transforming technology, leading and exploring technology. Major theories and technologies for different evolution stages are also discussed.
  • Hao Jiming, Wang Jinnan
    2015, 17(9): 42-48.
    Air pollution is closely related to energy consumption. Coal-dominated energy structure in China determines that the main cause of air pollution is from coal consumption. Based on the analysis of current coal consumption status in major sectors in China, coal utilization pollution control technology roadmap for the main sectors, such as electric power industry, coking, industrial boiler and stove, and core strategies for coal clean utilization in the medium-term (2015—2020) and long-term (2015—2030) are suggested in this study.
  • Cen Kefa, Ni Mingjiang, Gao Xiang, Luo Zhongyang, Wang Zhihua, Zheng Chenghang
    2015, 17(9): 49-55.
    Recently, air pollution has taken Chinese a great concern. The emission control of electricity industry is the key to the air quality improvement since electricity industry accounts for over 50 % of China’s coal consumption. This work introduces the progress and prospects of ultra-low emission control technologies based power generation technologies. The ultra-low emission control technologies and integrated systems are developed and optimized by the support of a series of national projects to reach the emission level of natural gas power generation units in using coal-fired units. The application and promotion of these technologies are proven to be an important solution for the air quality improvement, especially in regions with high energy-consumption, since these technologies have shown great potential for deep-cut in pollutant emissions, which will benefit both the society and the environment. In the future, the research will focus on the deep-cut of various pollutants and high-efficiency CO2 capture to lay a solid foundation for the construction of the world’s cleanest coal-fired power plants.
  • Wang Zhixuan, Liu Zhiqiang
    2015, 17(9): 56-62.
    Since 2011, China has made great achievements on the control of air pollutions from coal-fired plants. The total amount and intensity of air pollution emission including dust, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide declined rapidly. The technology of emission control has reached the world level. In the 13th Five-Year Plan and even a longer period, coal-fired power plants will still take on heavy responsibility of the atmospheric pollutants emission reduction. Pollutants-control technologies of high performance, high reliability, high applicability and high efficiency, resource recovery technologies and cooperative control technologies of multiple pollutants are the main research directions of air pollution control technology of plants in China in the future. By 2020, the expected annual amount of emission of dust, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from coal-fired power will reduce to 2×105~3×105 t, 1×106~1.5×106 t, 1×106~1.5×106 t, respectively.
  • Li Licheng, Rao Hong, Zhang Donghui, Fan Xinkuan
    2015, 17(9): 63-68.
    Coal is China’s primary energy source in long time. Since the distribution of coal is reverse with the level of economic development, large-scale and long-distance utilization of coal, in the form of coal transportation or electric transmission, is a long-term task. The comparison between coal transportation and power transmission has drawn much attention and also is a long-term controversial problem. This paper focuses on coal transportation by rail and power transmission by ultra high voltage direct current (UHVDC) technology. The comprehensive analysis between coal transportation and power transmission is made in terms of clean and efficient utilization of coal, comprehensive economic benefits, resources of environment, land and water, and security. The quantitative conclusions are provided: the distance of 1800 km is the indicator of balance point. Namely, within 1800 km the power transmission usually has advantage, and coal transportation has advantage beyond 1800 km. This paper predits the developing trend of coal transportation and power transmission and suggests both coal transportation and power transmission should be developed at the same time.
  • Wu Juanni, Zhang Yueling, Tian Yajun, Xie Kechang,
    2015, 17(9): 69-74.
    New Coal Chemical Industry is developing vigorously recently, which not only leads to a significant carbon emission growth from coal conversion, but also from the upstream and downstream industrial chain. In order to comprehensively figure out the potential influence of New Coal Chemical Industry to climate change, Life Cycle Assessment method is used to calculate the current and potential CO2 emission of coal to olefins (CTO), direct coal to liquid (CTL), indirect CTL, and coal to synthetic natural gas (SNG). The result shows that, the CO2eq emission in the middle term will be 10 times as much as the present value, and the emission in the long term emission will be 21 times as much as the present value. The New Coal Chemical Industry is overheating and it will bring significant pressure to carbon emission reduction goal of China. Coal to SNG contributes the most to carbon emissions growth, followed by CTO and indirect CTL. 54 %–63 % of CO2 comes from the conversion process which has high purity and could be significantly decreased by CCUS. The CO2 emission from upstream and downstream industrial chain accounts for about 37 %–46 %, in which the indirection emission due to electricity usage accounts for 7 %–15 %, which could be reduced through the promotion of the supercritical and ultra-supercritical power generation technology, and the high and ultrahigh pressure transmission technology.
  • Wang Ti, Liu Pei, Ma Linwei, Li Zheng, Ni Weidou
    2015, 17(9): 75-81.
    The technology of coal-based poly-production, as the advanced coal-utilization technology, is the key way to solve China’s main problems on energy. Considering that China has not reached a joint conclusion about the concepts of co-production system, firstly this paper provided the method of defining and classifying co-production system based on China’s condition. With the increasing demand of China’s energy consumption, liquid fuel is gradually in shortage supply, so coal-based liquid fuel is on the way. Then, by building the energy security profit model, this paper also proposes the optimal scale of developing China’s coal-based alternative fuel. At last, based on the analysis of coal-based alternative fuel, the authors put forward the developing strategy and routine of co-production system till 2030.
  • Jin Yong, Chen Yong, Zhao Daiqing, Ma Xiaoqian, Wang Fuchen, Huhetaoli
    2015, 17(9): 82-90.
    High-energy consuming industries are typically energy-intensive, and it is worthy of noting that coal and electricity play dominant role in energy consumption structure for these industries. Under the circumstances of energy resources shortage as well as the urgent needs for energy-consuming reduction and low-carbon sustainable development, energy conservation, along with significant emphasis on energy saving strategy in coal utilization should be prior to other solutions. This paper studys the energy saving issues in seven industries including petrochemistry, iron & steel, building materials, chemistry, non-ferrous metals, papermaking and textile, and highlights the concept of energy-convservation-oriented development. With comprehensive recognition of current coal utilization in energy-intensive industries, the technical gaps between home and abroad are further analyzed. Subsequently, the SWOT analysis and research on industrial technology roadmaps are applied for elaborating various challenges and chances for these industries, thereby leading to the effective energy-saving paths and major technical development directions. Finally, the role of energy conservation in coal utilization was emphasized regarding to its great significance for sustainable development of the high-energy consuming industries.
  • Research Group of "Construction of Ecological Civilization and Revolution on Energy Production and Consumption"
    2015, 17(9): 91-97.
    Energy is the foundation of human activities and has driven the evolution of human civilization and social development. Although fossil fuel causes great progress in industrial civilization worldwide, its consumption also brings negative effects, e.g., environmental pollution, global climate change, energy poverty, and energy safety. In the meantime, the fast growing on high-carbon energy and total energy consumption in China has become one of the primary causes of the ecological unbalance and continues domestic environmental deterioration such as air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution, etc. The key to solving the current environmental and climate problems is to promote energy revolution and realize a green life-cycle process of energy production, transmission, consumption. Pushing forward the construction of ecological civilization will also be the basic factor. This paper reviews the history of human culture and energy evolution. It analyzes the trend of global energy evolution and puts forward suggestions to promote energy revolution under the background of construction of ecological civilization.
  • Gan Zhongxue, Zhu Xiaojun, Wang Cheng, Chen Yue
    2015, 17(9): 98-104.
    With the world energy crisis and environmental protection issues, countries around the world are actively engaged in exploring the new way of the future energy development. In recent years, Jeremy Rifkin, the famous American economist, proposed the idea of the third industrial revolution and the energy internet which caused widespread concern. Following this trend, countries put forward their own development strategies of industrial technology which are driven by internet respectively, such as: the third industrial revolution and industrial Internet of American, industry 4.0 of Germany, smart grid and “Internet + energy” of China. Based on energy efficiency theory in the system, the ubiquitous energy Internet has a stereoscopic structure which consists of three levels: information network, energy network and physical network. By using the optimization control based on the coupling between information and energy to adjust measures to local conditions and fully exploit the multiple grade energy, the ubiquitous energy Internet can give the solution to the integration stability of the renewable energy and the dynamic matching between demand and supply, and become a representative internet of the new energy.
  • Huang Qili, Yuan Qingtang, Han Tao
    2015, 17(9): 105-110.
    The policies of the resources conservation and environmental protection, as well as the energy production and consumption revolution, are important guarantees for sustainable development of the energy industry. Based on the analysis of China’s energy production situation and the world’s energy development trend, this paper states the foundation of the energy production revolution, explains the meaning and strategic thinking of energy production revolution, including the green coal, the amount multiplication of petroleum and gas, the renewable energy with large proportion, the nuclear power, CO2 capture utilization and storage (CCS/CCUS), and the new-energy vehicles. Also, the strategic objectives in the near, medium and long terms, the key tasks, the supporting policies and the major proposals for the energy production revolution have been proposed.
  • Ni Weidou, Jin Yong, Hu Shanying
    2015, 17(9): 111-117.
    This manuscript discussed three key issues related with the promotion of energy consumption revolution and total energy consumption control, including: ① What is the historical and future trends of the energy consumption in China? What are the main characteristics? ② What is the basic concept of ‘energy consumption revolution’? What are its connotations? ③ What is the target and pathway of the energy consumption revolution ? After the discussion, based on the main understanding on these issues, we finally proposed 6 strategic suggestions for the promotion of energy consumption revolution and total energy consumption control in China.
  • Cen Kefa, Ni Mingjiang, Luo Zhongyang, Fang Mengxiang, Wang Qinhui, Wang Zhihua, Cen Jianmeng
    2015, 17(9): 118-122.
    In the face of the coal-dominated primary energy structure, increasing energy demand, and serious air pollution, the sustainable development of energy system integrated resources, energy and environment is the direction of China’s energy strategy. This paper introduces a new technology of coal conversion and utilization based on coal staged conversion technology on the concept of “coal is not only energy but also resource”. From the aspects of energy conservation and emission reduction, the development of this technology is prospected. It is pointed out that this technology can improve the comprehensive efficiency of coal power generation, changes the industrial structure and forms a new industrial chain, and ease the shortage of oil and gas in China. It is of great significance to change and optimize the structure of China coal power industry, cyclic economy and energy conservation and emission reduction.
  • Fu Qiang, Zhou Shouwei, Li Qingping
    2015, 17(9): 123-132.
    Gas hydrate, also called “fire ice”, is cage compound generated by hydrocarbon gas such as methane mixed with water in low temperatures and high pressures, which is expected to be the most important alternative energy after shale gas, tight gas, coal bed methane and oil sands. Gas hydrate in the seabed distributes widely in the depth of 300–3 000 m deep water in the arctic tundra or coastal shelf, of which about 95 % is stored in the deep sea region. It has been preliminarily estimated that the amount of gas hydrate is twice larger than that of the global carbon-containing compounds. Great attention has been attracted on disorder decomposition of weakly consolidated gas hydrate in shallow-layer in deep water, which can cause potential engineering geological hazard and the greenhouse effect. Safe and efficient development and environmental risks are equally important for developing the gas hydrate, so the research field has been the forefront of technological innovation around the world. This paper reviews the research progress of natural gas hydrate exploration and trial mining technology. On this basis, some ideas of natural gas hydrate exploration and development technology are described in terms of the potential target sea area in China and the relevant characteristics of gas hydrate samples already acquired.
  • Wu Yanli, Li Wenying, Yi Qun, Xie Kechang
    2015, 17(9): 133-139.
    Considering that coal is of important status in the energy supply in both China and in the United States of America, this paper points out that clean coal conversion technology shall remain a leading technology in solving both countries’ coal utilization and environment issues before 2050. It reviews the current situation and growing trend of clean coal conversion technology involving advanced coal chemical engineering, with a focus on technologies in coal gasification, coal liquefaction, coal to olefins, and coal to ethylene glycol. This study points out that priorities should be given to the development of core technologies including chemical looping gasification technologies, one-step synthesis of low-carbon olefins from the synthetic gas, and CO2 emission reduction in coal conversion system. Strategic recommendations are put forward that collaboration should be done in fundamental part such as mechanisms in coal chemistry and coal chemical engineering, development of efficient catalysts, and design of new-type reactor.
  • Zhang Yuzhuo, Jiang Wenhua, Zhang Jun
    2015, 17(9): 140-145.
    The world energy development is facing serious challenges. With the international political and economic changes and technological progress, the global energy development shows a trend of energy structure change to low carbon, reverse adjustment between energy supply and demand, continuously shocking on energy price, more complicated energy geopolitics, enhancing on climate change constraints, energy technology revolution, and so on. The author puts forward the enlightenment of the world energy development trend to China’s energy production and consumption revolution from the aspects of domestic supply, energy security, green and low carbon, new energy system, science and technology innovation, supporting policy, and international energy cooperation.