Bioelectric systems for renewable energy: current status, challenges, and prospects of bio-based batteries and biofuel cells

Abstract

Rising global energy demands, together with the need for alternative, sustainable, and scalable energy production and storage systems, have attracted industry attention. One such potential solution is bioelectric systems, such as biofuel cells (BFCs) and bio-based batteries (BBBs). BFCs are systems that utilize redox-active biomolecules and biopolymers derived from renewable biological sources such as plants, algae, and bacteria to generate electricity. Generally categorized by their catalysts: microbial biofuel cells and enzymatic biofuel cells (EFCs). BBBs are a subclass of BFCs, which replace an active feeding system with an internal fuel that is discarded once depleted. The varying physical properties, biocompatibility, and operation on renewable biological fuels expanded their use across fields such as waste management, healthcare, agriculture, and robotics. Despite active research and development, regulatory bodies lack policies and regulations governing the production and commercial use of BFC. Efforts to commercialize the technology are held back by technical limitations, economic challenges, and the lack of solid policies surrounding green energy. The failure of previous attempts to commercialize biobatteries has highlighted the gap between experimental feasibility and real-world implementation. Future progress in the field is expected to rely on improved integration of biobatteries into existing hybrid energy systems, advancement in the stability of bio-based materials, and the development of supportive regulatory and market infrastructures.

Keywords

Applications / Biofuel cells / Enzymatic fuel cells / Microbial fuel cells / Renewable energy

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