Biogas slurry substitution regulates soil carbon sequestration by shifting plant- and microbial-derived carbon pathways in a paddy profile

Abstract

Biogas slurry substitution for chemical fertilizers is a key strategy for reducing fertilizer use and recycling agricultural organic waste. However, the mechanisms underlying its impact on the profile distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) remain unclear. This study compared the effects of different biogas slurry nitrogen substitution ratios (50% and 75%) and application methods (nitrogen-only substitution vs. combined nutrient substitution) on SOC fractions in paddy soils, aiming to elucidate the transformation pathways and stabilization mechanisms of plant- and microbial-derived carbon in the 0−15 cm layer (topsoil) and 15−30 cm layer (subsoil). Results showed that, in the topsoil, biogas slurry substitution enhanced peroxidase (PER) activity while inhibiting phenol oxidase (POX) activity compared with the chemical fertilizer (CF) treatment. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in lignin phenol content by 30.62%−51.78%, whereas the acid/aldehyde (Ad/Al) ratio remained relatively stable. Additionally, biogas slurry application significantly promoted microbial necromass carbon (MNC) accumulation with increases of 33.50%−109.35%, indicating that MNC became a major contributor to the topsoil organic carbon pool. In the subsoil, anaerobic conditions suppressed extracellular enzyme activity, limiting microbial transformation of plant-derived carbon. The 50% nitrogen substitution treatment significantly increased lignin phenol content by 40.26%−69.44%, but significantly reduced MNC by 54.27%−61.15%. This study reveals the stratified SOC stabilization mechanisms driven by biogas slurry: microbial transformation predominates in the topsoil, while physical and chemical stabilization of plant-derived carbon is central in the subsoil. The 50% substitution rate was identified as the optimal strategy for enhancing SOC sequestration efficiency across the entire soil profile.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

biogas slurry substitution / soil organic carbon / lignin phenol / microbial necromass carbon / extracellular enzyme activity

Highlight

	● Biogas slurry reshapes vertical SOC pathways in paddy soils.
	● Topsoil SOC is dominated by microbial necromass formation under biogas slurry input.
	● Subsoil SOC relies on physicochemical preservation of plant-derived carbon.
	● 50% substitution enhances lignin shortcut degradation via PER–Fenton processes.

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