Green manure and chemical fertilizer optimization to mitigate greenhouse gas emission: A solution towards sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture

Abstract

The intensification of agriculture to meet global food demand has significantly increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mainly as a result of overuse of chemical fertilizers (CF). Green manure (GM) has emerged as a promising climate-smart strategy for improving soil fertility and mitigating environmental impact. This review provides current knowledge on the role of GM in regulating GHG emissions, focusing on the interplay between GM decomposition dynamics, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and integrated nutrient management. We analyzed how GM characteristics, particularly the carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, and environmental factors influence the processes driving GHG fluxes. The review highlights the synergistic application of GM with CF is a central pathway highlighted as a key mechanism for synchronizing N release with crop demand, thereby improving N use efficiency and reducing N₂O emissions by 20%–50% compared to CF alone. Furthermore, we explored the enzymatic mechanism by which BNF influences the soil N cycle and potentially mitigates N₂O flux. However, significant variability in emissions persists owing to regional differences in climate, soil texture and fertility, and management practices. Major research gaps that require attention include the need for long-term field data and refined predictive models that explicitly capture climate–soil–management interactions and multi-gas trade-offs. Tailored GM-CF integration strategies, supported by advanced monitoring and precision agriculture, are essential for achieving climate-resilient agroecosystems that balance productivity and emission reduction.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

optimized fertilization / greenhouse gas emissions / green manure decomposition / nitrogen cycling / climate / soil health

Highlight

	● Green manure-chemical fertilizer integration improves soil fertility and yield while reducing agricultural GHG emissions.
	● Green manure decomposition and its C:N ratio are key controls over greenhouse gas emissions.
	● Biological nitrogen fixation by green manure naturally suppresses N2O.
	● Strong climate-soil-management controls on GM emissions demand region-specific, multi-gas, long-term field assessments.
	● Optimizing these systems requires advanced monitoring and precision agriculture.

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