Contrasting land uses mediate divergent N₂O uptake through nosZ clade II and carbon availability: Evidence from ¹⁵N₂O pool dilution in black soils

Abstract

Empirical data on soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) uptake and gross N₂O emission remain scarce compared to net emission measurements, limiting mechanistic understanding of how land use regulates N₂O source-sink dynamics. Using ¹⁵N₂O pool dilution technology, we quantified gross N₂O emission across five contrasting land uses (upland, vegetable, orchard, grassland, and forest) in the black soil region of northeast China to explore biotic and abiotic drivers of N₂O uptake. Forest and agricultural soils exhibited divergent N₂O uptake: forest soils showed the highest cumulative uptake (17.65 µg N kg^‒1 soil), associated with sandy texture (55.07%), high soil organic carbon (SOC; 29.33 g kg^‒1), and abundant nosZ clade II denitrifiers (4.23×10⁸ copies g^‒1 dry soil). In contrast, long-term cultivated upland soils displayed minimal uptake (8.19 µg N kg^‒1 soil), coinciding with clay-rich texture (25.10%), depleted SOC (8.54 g kg^‒1), and reduced nosZ clade II abundance (0.27×10⁸ copies g^‒1 dry soil). Piecewise structural equation modeling (piecewise SEM) illustrated that the abundance of nosZ clade I and II genes were positively correlated with SOC, with a standardized path coefficient of β = 0.71 (p < 0.001). Both sand content (β = 0.42, p < 0.05) and nosZ gene abundance (β = 0.36, p < 0.05) had positive direct effects on N₂O uptake. Notably, nosZ clade II abundance was 15-fold higher in forest than upland soils and strongly correlated with SOC (R² = 0.68, p<0.05), suggesting this non-denitrifying functional group is associated with N₂O reduction in high-carbon ecosystems. Our results suggest that contrasting land uses mediate divergent N₂O uptake by altering nosZ clade II communities and carbon availability. Specifically, agricultural intensification coincides with SOC depletion and reduced nosZ clade II, potentially weakening N₂O sink function. In contrast, forest preservation maintains high uptake potential. Mitigation strategies could center on restoring SOC and reducing tillage in agricultural soils to boost nosZ clade II-mediated N₂O uptake, and protecting forest ecosystems to maintain their high N₂O sink capacity.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

N₂O uptake and gross emission / land use type / nosZ clade II / soil texture / soil organic carbon (SOC) / ¹⁵N₂O pool dilution / black soil region

Highlight

	● Gross N2O emission and N2O uptake were simultaneously quantified using 15N2O pool dilution.
	● N2O uptake varies by land use: forest > grassland > vegetable > orchard > upland.
	● N2O uptake can be of the same order of magnitude as gross emission and net emissions.
	● High SOC and nosZ clade II abundance jointly promoted soil N2O uptake.

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