Root exudate-mediated plant-soil feedbacks: Mechanisms, microbial interactions, and ecological consequences

Abstract

Plant–soil feedbacks (PSFs) are fundamental processes linking plant performance to soil biotic and abiotic dynamics, thereby shaping ecosystem structure, productivity, and stability. Root exudates have emerged as central regulators of PSFs, functioning not only as nutrient sources but also as signaling molecules that orchestrate rhizosphere microbial assembly and soil processes. However, a mechanistic synthesis of how diverse exudate classes drive PSFs across ecological contexts remains lacking. Here, we synthesize recent advances in understanding how root exudates mediate PSFs through selective microbial recruitment, nutrient mobilization, and activation of plant defense pathways. We emphasize the dynamic and context-dependent nature of exudation, which varies with plant species, developmental stage, and environmental stress, enabling plants to strategically reprogram their rhizosphere microbiome. Particular attention is given to organic acids, phenolic compounds, and benzoxazinoids as key chemical regulators integrating above- and belowground signaling to suppress soil-borne pathogens and plant-parasitic nematodes. Finally, we discuss ecological and agricultural implications, identify critical knowledge gaps, and propose future research directions for harnessing exudate-mediated PSFs to improve soil health and crop resilience under global environmental change.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

root exudates / plant-soil feedback / rhizosphere microbiome engineering / rhizosphere chemical ecology

Highlight

	● Root exudates act as key chemical regulators of plant–soil feedbacks.
	● Exudate chemistry shapes rhizosphere microbiomes and nutrient cycling.
	● Specialized metabolites integrate above- and belowground plant defenses.
	● A mechanistic framework advances exudate-mediated soil ecology research.

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