Environmental fate and risks of antibiotics and resistance genes in soil: Implications for One Health

Abstract

The widespread use of antibiotics across medicine, agriculture, aquaculture, and industry has driven a significant increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing a critical threat to both human health and ecosystem stabi-lity. The persistence and distribution of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment are major concerns because they can disseminate through various pathways, including atmospheric transport, biogeochemical cycling, and trophic transfer. This review focuses on the ecological and public health implications of antibiotics and AMR within the framework of “One Health,” emphasizing their occurrence, fate, degradation, and risks in soil ecosystems. We highlight knowledge gaps and advocate for integrated, cross-sectoral research to inform environmental risk assessment and support evidence-based policies for AMR mitigation and ecological sustainability.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

antibiotics / antimicrobial resistance / ecosystem risk / environmental dissemination / One Health / soil ecosystems

Highlight

	● Explores antibiotics and AMR within One Health, emphasizing broad health impacts.
	● Highlights antibiotic resistance and calls for interdisciplinary solutions globally.
	● Reviews the effects on ecosystems, proposing sustainable management strategies.

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