Fungal denitrification dominates soil N₂O emissions after vegetation restoration in the karst region

Abstract

Denitrification is the primary contributor to soil N₂O emissions. Although bacterial denitrification has been extensively studied in diverse ecosystems, the contribution of fungal denitrification to soil N₂O emissions in karst areas remains unexplored, especially after vegetation restoration. In this study, we compared cropland (control) with a naturally restored forest (60 years old) by collecting 24 soil samples from both land use types. We analyzed the abundance, community structure, and contribution to soil N₂O emissions of denitrifying fungi under different land use types using inhibitor methods, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. We found that after vegetation restoration, the abundance of nirK-containing denitrifying fungi (7.72 × 10⁹ ± 1.82 × 10⁹ copies g^–1) was nearly threefold higher than in cropland (2.61 × 10⁹ ± 0.29 × 10⁹ copies g^–1). Moreover, vegetation restoration markedly altered the community composition of nirK-containing denitrifying fungi, leading to an enrichment of Fusarium, Trichoderma, Chloridium and Aspergillus. Additionally, the contribution of fungal denitrification to N₂O emissions was greater after vegetation restoration (35.40%) than in cropland (28.70%). Furthermore, the increase in fungal nirK-derived N₂O after vegetation restoration was closely related with high soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^–-N) and sand. Our research underscores the significance of fungal denitrification in driving soil N₂O emissions after vegetation restoration in karst areas.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

fungal denitrification / N₂O / vegetation restoration / karst

Highlight

	● Vegetation restoration significantly increased the abundance of nirK gene.
	● Vegetation restoration markedly altered the community of nirK -type denitrifiers.
	● Vegetation restoration markedly increased the N2O emission of nirK -type denitrifiers.
	● pH and soil texture control the abundance/community structure of nirK gene.
	● NO3−-N and sand are key factors of the N2O emission of nirK -type denitrifiers.

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