Achnatherum inebrians tolerance to salt stress is linked with the changes of rhizosphere microbiome and root exudates

Abstract

Soil salinity critically restricts plant growth and productivity, especially in degraded arid and semiarid ecosystems. However, the mechanisms by which Achnatherum inebrians adapts to salt stress through modulations of microbial structure and metabolite composition in root exudates remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the effects of salt stress on the diversity and composition of rhizosphere microbial community and root exudates of A. inebrians using high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that salt stress significantly reduced plant biomass while increasing total P, available P and NO₃⁻-N contents in the rhizosphere soil. NaCl stress significantly affected the β-diversity and recruited salt-tolerance plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria and fungi. GC-MS based metabolomics profiling revealed that salt stress influenced root exudate composition. Key metabolites, such as arbutin, functioned as antioxidants to protect cellular membranes and exhibited strong correlations with microbial community shifts and rhizosphere soil properties. Importantly, exogenous application of 1 mM N-acetyl-D-galactosamine significantly improved A. inebrians fresh weight and K⁺ uptake while reducing Na⁺ accumulation under salt stress. These findings suggest that A. inebrians adapts to salinity stress through root exudate-driven modulation of rhizosphere microbial communities, thereby enhancing soil nutrient availability and salt tolerance of plants. This study provides new insights into plant-microbe interactions in soil salinization and offers potential strategies for enhancing plant resilience in challenging environments.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

root exudates / soil salinization / rhizosphere microbial community / soil properties / Achnatherum inebrians

Highlight

	● NaCl stress recruited salt-tolerance plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria and fungi to help A. inebrians cope with salinity stress.
	● Rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities were also closely related to root exudates and rhizosphere soil properties.
	● 1 mM of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine increased the fresh weight and K+ content of A. inebrians under 100 mM NaCl concentration.
	● 1 mM of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine decreased the Na+ content of A. inebrians under 100 mM NaCl concentration.

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