Nitrogen deposition exhibits limited influence on soil nematode energy fluxes and soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization in a typical karst ecosystem

Abstract

Human-driven nitrogen (N) deposition profoundly affects the functional composition and energetic structure of soil food webs, which are crucial for maintaining ecosystem stability and nutrient cycling. Karst landscapes, occupying about 15% of the Earth’s surface, are particularly fragile due to shallow soils, nutrient deficiency, and well-developed underground drainage systems. In these regions, deposited N may be readily absorbed by plants and/or rapidly leached with rains; its effects on karst ecosystem processes and functions may be different from non-karst regions. Here, the effects of N deposition on the community structure and energy dynamics of soil nematodes and nutrient cycling processes, and their relationships were explored. A canopy N deposition experiment was conducted with three levels of N addition: control (0 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), low (50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and high (100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Both low and high N additions increased plant litter production but did not alter litter stoichiometry or soil properties. High N addition significant reduced total nematode abundance and energy fluxes through bacterivores in the dry season, while in the wet season showed no significant effects, likely due to rapid nutrient leaching in karst soils. Additionally, soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates under N addition were more closely linked to nematode abundance than energy fluxes. This study provides valuable insights into how future changes in N deposition affecting below-ground communities and nutrient cycling in the karst region, and enhancing our understanding of the responses of this environment to global changes.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

nitrogen deposition / soil nematode / energy flow / soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization / karst ecosystem

Highlight

	● N deposition increased litter production but did not affect litter stoichiometric ratios and soil mineralization rates.
	● High N deposition decreased total nematode abundance and energy fluxes of bacterivores and total nematode in the dry season.
	● Soil C and N mineralization rates were more closely linked to nematode abundance than energy fluxes.
	● The abundances of total nematodes and bacterivore were positively correlated to soil N mineralization rates.

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