Microbe-mediated organic fertilization increases insect predator attraction upon fruit damage in olive trees

Highlights

	● Revalorized olive waste impacts root microbiome.
	● Root microbiome modulates plant-induced defense.
	● Insect’s exudate simulates the pest attack.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effect of soil amendments and pest attack on plant-induced defense and their impact on a biological control agent’s behavior. The effects of olive mill wastes revalorized through vermicomposting on the aboveground tri-trophic interactions among olive trees (Olea europaea), the olive seed-feeder, Prays oleae, and its natural predator, Chrysoperla carnea, were evaluated. The findings demonstrate that soil nitrogen and organic carbon levels, in conjunction with fungal diversity and functionality within olive roots, exert a significant influence on the volatile compounds emitted by the plant underattack that are most appealing to C. carnea. Moreover, the attractivenessof aerial volatiles was found to correlate with soil organic carbon content and the taxonomic and functional diversity of both bacteria and fungi in the olive root system. It is worthy of note that three particular volatile compounds, namely 5-hepten-2-one-6-methyl, acetic acid and nonanal, were consistently observed to attract C. carnea. These findings highlight the potential of soil amendments to enhance biological control strategies. Future research should prioritise the validation the greenhouse findings through large-scale field trials and the assessment of the practical applications of soil amendments in pest management programmes.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Chrysoperla carnea / HIPVs / Olea europaea / Prays oleae / roots microbiome / soil amendments

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grant P20-00139 funded by Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, and by “ERDF A way of making Europe. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.

Data availability statement

All raw Illumina sequence data were deposited in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) service of the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) (BioProject ID: PRJNA1103158; Biosamples accession numbers SAMN41043216-SAMN41043227).

Electronic supplementary material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-024-0281-z and is accessible for authorized users.

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