The combined application of ethylenediurea and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviates ozone damage to Medicago sativa L.

Abstract

● EDU reduces O₃ sensitivity of alfalfa by mediating antioxidant enzyme activities.

● AM symbiosis increases stomatal conductance and plant O₃ sensitivity.

● AM fungi increase stomatal conductance by increasing plant stomatal density.

● AM inoculation combined with EDU can mitigate negative effects of O₃ on plants.

Ozone (O₃) is a phytotoxic air pollutant, both ethylenediurea (EDU) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can affect plant O₃ sensitivity. However, the underlying mechanisms of EDU and AM fungi on plant O₃ sensitivity are unclear, and whether the combined application of the two can alleviate O₃ damage has not been verified. In this study, an open-top chamber experiment was conducted to examine the effects of EDU and AM inoculation on growth and physiological parameters of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants under O₃ enrichment. The results showed that EDU significantly decreased O₃ visible injury (28.67%−68.47%), while AM inoculation significantly increased O₃ visible injury. Mechanistically, the reduction of plant O₃ sensitivity by EDU was mediated by antioxidant enzyme activities rather than stomatal conductance. Although AM inoculation increased antioxidant enzyme activities (4.99%−211.23%), it significantly increased stomatal conductance (42.69%) and decreased specific leaf weight (12.98%), the negative impact was overwhelming. Therefore, AM inoculation increased alfalfa’s O₃ sensitivity. Furthermore, we found AM inoculation increased stomatal conductance by increasing stomatal density. The research indicated EDU was sufficient to counteract the negative effects of AM inoculation on O₃ sensitivity. The combined application of EDU and AM fungi could largely alleviate the adverse effects of O₃ on plant performance.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

ozone sensitivity / antioxidant enzyme / stomatal conductance / specific leaf weight / ethylenediurea (EDU) / alfalfa

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