Prevention and control strategies for antibiotic resistance: from species to community level

Highlights

● ARGs and ARB in typical environments which exposed to antibiotics are prevalent.

● Nanoparticle- and photosensitizer-related technology can clear specific ARGs or ARB.

● CRISPR-Cas- and phage-related technology can eliminate particular ARGs or ARB.

● Antibiotic combination can be used to eliminate microbial resistance.

● Microbiome-specific technology can eradicate most types of ARGs or ARB in one shot.

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in the environment pose serious threats to environmental security and public health. There is an urgent need for methods to specifically and effectively control environmental pollution or pathogen infection associated with ARGs and ARB. This review aims to provide an overview of methods abating the prevalence and spread of ARGs and ARB from species to community level. At the species level, species-specific technologies, such as nanoparticle-, photosensitizer-, CRISPR-Cas-, and phage-related technology can be utilized to clear a particular class of ARGs or ARB, and in combination with low-dose antibiotics, a higher removal efficiency can be achieved. Moreover, the combination of antibiotics can be used to reverse microbial resistance and treat recurrent antibiotic resistant pathogen infections. At the community level, community-specific strategies, such as biochar, hyperthermophilic compost, and fecal microbiota transplantation can eradicate most types of ARGs or ARB in one shot, reducing the probability of resistance development. Though some progress has been made to eliminate ARGs and ARB in disease treatment or decontamination scenarios, further research is still needed to elucidate their mechanisms of action and scopes of application, and efforts should be made to explore novel strategies to counter the prevalence of antibiotic resistance.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

antibiotic resistance genes / antibiotic resistant bacteria / treatment strategy / disinfection

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan (Grant No. 2020YFC1806902), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42161134002).

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