Assessment of residual chlorine in soil microbial community using metagenomics

Highlights

• Continuous chlorine treatment have no obvious effect on soil microbial community structure and composition.

• Residual chlorine slightly affected soil microbial functions.

• Daily use of chlorine-containing disinfectants slightly threatened the soil ecosystem.

Abstract

Chlorine-containing disinfectants have been widely used around the world for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, at present, little is known about the impact of residual chlorine on the soil micro-ecological environment. Herein, we treated an experimental soil-plant-microbiome microcosm system by continuous irrigation with a low concentration of chlorine-containing water, and then analyzed the influence on the soil microbial community using metagenomics. After 14-d continuous chlorine treatment, there were no significant lasting effect on soil microbial community diversity and composition either in the rhizosphere or in bulk soil. Although metabolic functions of the rhizosphere microbial community were affected slightly by continuous chlorine treatment, it recovered to the original status. The abundance of several resistance genes changed by 7 d and recovered by 14 d. According to our results, the chlorine residue resulting from daily disinfection may present a slight long-term effect on plant growth (shoot length and fresh weight) and soil micro-ecology. In general, our study assisted with environmental risk assessments relating to the application of chlorine-containing disinfectants and minimization of risks to the environment during disease control, such as COVID-19.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Soil microbes / Chlorine-containing disinfectants / Plant microbiome / Metagenome / Sodium hypochlorite

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41907210, 71903079, 21976161, 21777144).

Electronic supplementary material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-022-0130-x and is accessible for authorized users.

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