The effects of oxygen availability on soil carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions and their temperature sensitivities across depths

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The Original Article was published on

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The Original Article was published on

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This article has been updated

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This article was retracted on

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This article has been updated

Abstract

Oxygen (O₂) availability exerts a primary control on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yet its interactions with temperature, depth, and inter-gas coupling remain poorly understood. We conducted controlled incubations to assess how O₂ concentration (21%, 5%, and 0%) regulates soil carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and methane (CH₄) emissions and their temperature sensitivities (Q₁₀) across surface (0–10 cm) and subsoil (70–80 cm) layers. The results showed that CO₂ emissions under 0% and 5% O₂ decreased by 22%–30% in the surface soil and by 9%–16% in the subsoil relative to oxic conditions (21% O₂). In contrast, the two anoxic conditions mainly increased N₂O emissions (by up to 672%) in the surface soils. CH₄ fluxes switched from net uptake under oxic conditions to net production under 0% O₂ condition in both soil layers. The temperature sensitivity varied among the three gases as well as among O₂ levels and soil depths. The Q₁₀ of CO₂ emissions was higher in the upper layer (Q₁₀ = 1.5−2.0 in the surface vs 1.0−1.5 in the subsoil), but insensitive to O₂ levels; whereas the Q₁₀ of N₂O and CH₄ was much more sensitive to O₂ levels but similar among depth layers. Pairwise correlation analysis indicated the emission rates of the three gases were generally positively correlated, particularly under anoxia and hypoxia conditions; the correlations of their Q₁₀ was relatively weak. These depth- and O₂-dependent linkages highlight the dynamic trade-offs among carbon oxidation, nitrogen transformation, and methanogenesis across redox transitions. Considering such redox-mediated feedbacks is essential for improving projections of soil GHG emission-climate feedbacks under a warmer climate.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

soil organic carbon / nitrous oxide / methane / oxygen availability / soil profile / temperature sensitivity

Highlight

	● O2 availability strongly regulates CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes and their temperature sensitivities.
	● Inter-gas relationships shift with O2 availability and vary across soil depths.
	● Bacterial abundance, redox-active minerals, and labile substrates mediate the effects of O2 availability.
	● Redox-mediated GHG dynamics should be incorporated into Earth system models.

CHANGE HISTORY

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