Progress of MXenes-based responsive materials for soft sensors and actuators

Abstract

In the current era of the booming development of artificial intelligence and artificial robotic technology, perception devices that can precisely respond to external stimuli by emulating biological senses are of great significance. As an emerging two-dimensional material, MXene shows huge potential in the field of responsive materials (including sensors and actuators) due to its unique properties. This review first analyzes the structure, basic characteristics, and synthesis methods of MXene. Subsequently, it reviews the research progress of MXene in the field of sensors. These sensors can accurately feedback external stimuli by changing electrical signals. These research results, similar to the human sensory system, can perceive environmental stimuli such as temperature, light, humidity, and so on. Then, it reviews the applications of MXene-based actuators. Similarly, they can respond to external stimuli, but they feedback external stimuli through changes in mechanical signals (deformation). Further, it reviews the actuators integrated with sensing functions, which can output sensing electrical signals while deforming in response to external stimuli. Based on the demands of artificial intelligence and bionic robots, the research on MXene-based responsive devices has broad prospects. Especially in the fields of healthcare and biomedical engineering, it is expected to bring revolutionary breakthroughs.

Keywords

flexible actuators / multi-functional materials / MXenes / responsive materials / soft sensors

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2026 The Author(s). Responsive Materials published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Southeast University.