REVIEW

Immunology of a unique biological structure: the Echinococcus laminated layer

  • Álvaro Díaz , 1 ,
  • Anabella A. Barrios 1 ,
  • Leticia Grezzi 1 ,
  • Camila Mouhape 1 ,
  • Stephen J. Jenkins 2 ,
  • Judith E. Allen 3 ,
  • Cecilia Casaravilla 1
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  • 1. Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
  • 2. Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JU, UK
  • 3. Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9NQ, UK
adiaz@fq.edu.uy

Received date: 19 Jan 2022

Revised date: 29 Apr 2022

Accepted date: 23 May 2022

Copyright

2022 The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Higher Education Press.

Abstract

The larval stages of the cestode parasites belonging to the genus Echinococcus grow within internal organs of humans and a range of animal species. The resulting diseases, collectively termed echinococcoses, include major neglected tropical diseases of humans and livestock. Echinococcus larvae are outwardly protected by the laminated layer (LL), an acellular structure that is unique to this genus. The LL is based on a fibrillar meshwork made up of mucins, which are decorated by galactose-rich O-glycans. In addition, in the species cluster termed E. granulosus sensu lato, the LL features nano-deposits of the calcium salt of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (Insp6). The main purpose of our article is to update the immunobiology of the LL. Major recent advances in this area are (i) the demonstration of LL “debris” at the infection site and draining lymph nodes, (ii) the characterization of the decoy activity of calcium Insp6 with respect to complement, (iii) the evidence that the LL mucin carbohydrates interact specifically with a lectin receptor expressed in Kupffer cells (Clec4F), and (iv) the characterization of what appear to be receptor-independent effects of LL particles on dendritic cells and macrophages. Much information is missing on the immunology of this intriguing structure: we discuss gaps in knowledge and propose possible avenues for research.

Cite this article

Álvaro Díaz , Anabella A. Barrios , Leticia Grezzi , Camila Mouhape , Stephen J. Jenkins , Judith E. Allen , Cecilia Casaravilla . Immunology of a unique biological structure: the Echinococcus laminated layer[J]. Protein & Cell, 2023 , 14(2) : 87 -104 . DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwac023

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