MMP-9 regulates disulphide isomerase activity of TGM2 to enhance fusion glycoprotein-mediated syncytium formation of respiratory syncytial virus

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) exploits host proteases to enhance its replication efficiency; however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Through high-throughput screening, we identified four matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) inhibitors (including JNJ0966 and doxycycline hyclate) that suppress RSV infection in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed a proteolytic cascade wherein MMP-9 cleaves transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) at the PVP³⁷⁵↓VR site, generating an N-terminal fragment (1–375) that activates its protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) activity. This TGM2-dependent PDI activity catalyzes disulfide bond rearrangement in the RSV fusion glycoprotein (F), enabling F protein maturation, a prerequisite for membrane fusion and syncytium formation—key processes driving late-stage viral propagation. Genetic ablation of MMP-9 significantly attenuated RSV infectivity, while pharmacological inhibition reduced pulmonary viral loads and mitigated lung pathology in infected mice. Our study defines a unified MMP-9→TGM2→F axis as the core mechanism driving RSV replication and validates MMP-9 as a therapeutic target.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

respiratory syncytial virus / fusion glycoprotein / matrix metalloproteinase 9 / transglutaminase 2 / protein disulfide isomerase

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