Pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitors as the hope for today and tomorrow

References

[1] Bi W, Xu W, Cheng L, Xue J, Wang Q, Yu F, Xia S, Wang Q, Li G, Qin C (2019) IgG Fc-binding motif-conjugated HIV-1 fusion inhibitor exhibits improved potency and in vivo half-life: Potential application in combination with broad neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 15:e1008082

[2] Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL (2019) Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology 17:181–192

[3] Fosgerau K, Hoffmann T (2015) Peptide therapeutics: current status and future directions. Drug Discov Today 20:122–128

[4] Graham RL, Donaldson EF, Baric RS (2013) A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology 11:836–848

[5] Hamburger AE, Kim S, Welch BD,Kay MS (2005) Steric accessibility of the HIV-1 gp41 N-trimer region. J Biol Chem 280:12567–12572

[6] Hollmann A, Matos PM, Augusto MT, Castanho MARB, Santos NC (2013) Conjugation of cholesterol to HIV-1 fusion inhibitor C34 increases peptide-membrane interactions potentiating its action. Plos ONE 8:e60302

[7] Holmes KV (2003) SARS coronavirus: a new challenge for prevention and therapy. J Clin Invest 111:1605–1609

[8] Jiang S, Du L, Shi Z (2020) An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China: calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Emerg Microbes Infect 9:275–277

[9] Jiang S, Lin K, Strick N, dlx AR (1993) Hiv-1 inhibition by a peptide. Nature 365:113

[10] Kleine-Weber H, Elzayat MT, Wang LS, Graham BS, Muller MA, Drosten C, Pohlmann S, Hoffmann M (2019) Mutations in the Spike Protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmitted in Korea increase resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization. J Virol 93:e01381

[11] Konca C, Korukluoglu G, Tekin M, Almis H, Bucak IH, Uygun H, Altas AB, Bayrakdar F (2017) The First Infant Death Associated with Human Coronavirus Nl63 Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 36:231–233

[12] Liu S, Xiao G, Chen Y, He Y, Niu J, Escalante CR, Xiong H, Farmar J, Debnath AK, Tien P (2004) Interaction between heptad repeat 1 and 2 regions in spike protein of SARS-associated coronavirus: implications for virus fusogenic mechanism and identification of fusion inhibitors. Lancet 363:938–947

[13] Lu L, Liu Q, Zhu Y, Chan KH, Qin L, Li Y, Wang Q, Chan JF, Du L, Yu F (2014) Structure-based discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion inhibitor. Nat Commun 5:3067

[14] Morfopoulou S, Brown JR, Davies EG, Anderson G, Virasami A, Qasim W, Chong WK, Hubank M, Plagnol V, Desforges M (2016) Human coronavirus OC43 associated with fatal encephalitis. New Engl J Med 375:497–498

[15] Nielsen DS, Shepherd NE, Xu WJ, Lucke AJ, Stoermer MJ, Fairlie DP (2017) Orally absorbed cyclic peptides. Chem Rev 117:8094–8128

[16] Ou J, Zhou Z, Dai R, Zhang J,Lan W, Zhao S, Wu J, Donald Seto, Cui L, Zhang G (2020) Emergence of RBD mutations in circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains enhancing the structural stability and human ACE2 receptor affinity of the spike protein. Preprint at.

[17] Veiga A, Martins LG, Riediger I, Mazetto A, Debur MDC, Gregianini TS (2020) More than just a common cold: Endemic coronaviruses OC43, HKU1, NL63, and 229E associated with severe acute respiratory infection and fatality cases among healthy adults. J Med Virol.

[18] Wang C, Hua C, Xia S, Li W, Lu L, Jiang S (2019) Combining a fusion inhibitory peptide targeting the MERS-CoV S2 protein HR1 domain and a neutralizing antibody specific for the S1 protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) showed potent synergism against pseudotyped MERS-CoV with or without mutations in RBD. Viruses-Basel 11:31

[19] Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G (2020) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30:269–271

[20] Wong AHM, Tomlinson ACA, Zhou DX, Satkunarajah M, Chen K, Sharon C, Desforges M, Talbot PJ, Rini JM (2017) Receptorbinding loops in alphacoronavirus adaptation and evolution. Nat Commun 8:1735

[21] Wu Y, Li C, Xia S, Tian X, Kong Y, Wang Z, Gu C, Zhang R, Tu C, Xie Y (2020) Identification of human single-domain antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe 27(891–898):e895

[22] Xia S, Zhu Y, Liu M, Lan Q, Xu W, Wu Y, Ying T, Liu S, Shi Z, Jiang S (2020a) Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein. Cell Mol Immunol 17:765–767

[23] Xia S, Liu M, Wang C, Xu W,Lan Q, Feng S, Qi F, Bao L, Du L, Liu S (2020b) Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion. Cell Res 30:343–355

[24] Xia S, Yan L, Xu W, Agrawal AS, Algaissi A, Tseng CK, Wang Q, Du L, Tan W, Wilson IA (2019) A pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike. Sci Adv 5: eaav4580

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

The Author(s)