Lipid-associated macrophages in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: immune regulation of lipid burden

References

[1] Tacke F,Wai-Sun Wong V.EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).Obesity Facts2024;17:374-443 PMCID:PMC11299976

[2] Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al.; NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J Hepatol. 2023;79:1542-56.

[3] Targher G,Lonardo A,Barbui C.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis.J Hepatol2016;65:589-600

[4] Chalasani N,Lavine JE.The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.Hepatology2018;67:328-57

[5] Paris J.Liver zonation, revisited.Hepatology2022;76:1219-30 PMCID:PMC9790419

[6] Soto-Gutierrez A,Vernetti LA,Monga SP.Pre-clinical and clinical investigations of metabolic zonation in liver diseases: the potential of microphysiology systems.Exp Biol Med2017;242:1605-16 PMCID:PMC5661767

[7] Li Z,Gan C.Spatially resolved multi-omics of human metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Nat Genet2025;57:3112-25 PMCID:PMC12695644

[8] Vandereyken K,Thienpont B.Methods and applications for single-cell and spatial multi-omics.Nat Rev Genet2023;24:494-515 PMCID:PMC9979144

[9] Ding J,Simmons SK.Systematic comparison of single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing methods.Nat Biotechnol2020;38:737-46 PMCID:PMC7289686

[10] Cunningham RP.Liver zonation - revisiting old questions with new technologies.Front Physiol2021;12:732929 PMCID:PMC8458816

[11] Yang Z,Xie K,Gan C.MASLD development: from molecular pathogenesis toward therapeutic strategies.Chin Med J2025;138:1807-24 PMCID:PMC12321477

[12] Christofides A,Jani C.The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in immune responses.Metabolism2021;114:154338 PMCID:PMC7736084

[13] Grygiel-Górniak B.Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands: nutritional and clinical implications--a review.Nutr J2014;13:17 PMCID:PMC3943808

[14] Hu K,Sheng S.Heterogeneity of hepatic macrophages in MASLD/MASH: Lipid-associated programs, molecular mechanisms, spatial niches, and therapeutic implications.ILIVER2026;5:100234 PMCID:PMC13196416

[15] Shi S,Zhang H.TREM2 in MASH: integrating lipid metabolism and immune response.Front Immunol2025;16:1604837 PMCID:PMC12237660

[16] Xu Y,Chang M.Identification of conserved and tissue-restricted transcriptional profiles for lipid associated macrophages.Commun Biol2025;8:953 PMCID:PMC12185701

[17] Govaere O,Martinez-Lopez N.Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 mediates lipid-induced inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.J Hepatol2022;76:1001-12

[18] Jaitin DA,Thaiss CA.Lipid-associated macrophages control metabolic homeostasis in a trem2-dependent manner.Cell2019;178:686-98.e14 PMCID:PMC7068689

[19] Zhang M,Wang NY.Targeting the Wnt signaling pathway through R-spondin 3 identifies an anti-fibrosis treatment strategy for multiple organs.PLoS One2020;15:e0229445 PMCID:PMC7065809

[20] Candels LS,Trautwein C.PLA2G7: a new player in shaping energy metabolism and lifespan.Signal Transduct Target Ther2022;7:195 PMCID:PMC9206017

[21] Ye J,Gong X,Shao C.Fibrosis severity in MASLD determines the predictive value of Lp-PLA2 for carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.Biomedicines2025;13:2431 PMCID:PMC12561132

[22] Sawada K,Softic S,Divanovic S.The bidirectional immune crosstalk in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Cell Metab2023;35:1852-71 PMCID:PMC10680147

[23] Ma C,Dong B.Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells in MASH.Hepatology2025;Epub ahead of print:

[24] Lefere S.Macrophages in obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Crosstalk with metabolism.JHEP Rep2019;1:30-43 PMCID:PMC7052781

[25] Liu W,Guo H.Single-cell transcriptome analysis of liver immune microenvironment changes induced by microplastics in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver.Sci Total Environ2024;912:168308

[26] De Ponti FF, Liu Z, Scott CL. Understanding the complex macrophage landscape in MASLD.JHEP Rep2024;6:101196 PMCID:PMC11550213

[27] Vonderlin J,Sieweke M.The multifaceted roles of macrophages in NAFLD pathogenesis.Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol2023;15:1311-24 PMCID:PMC10148157

[28] Schleicher J,Guthke R.Zonation of hepatic fat accumulation: insights from mathematical modelling of nutrient gradients and fatty acid uptake.J R Soc Interface2017;14:20170443 PMCID:PMC5582132

[29] van der Graaff D, Kwanten WJ, Francque SM. The potential role of vascular alterations and subsequent impaired liver blood flow and hepatic hypoxia in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.Med Hypotheses2019;122:188-97

[30] Xu R,Bianco V.Lipid-associated macrophages between aggravation and alleviation of metabolic diseases.Trends Endocrinol Metab2024;35:981-95

[31] Chen T,Shan W,You Y.Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in hepatic fibrosis: opportunities for future strategies.Biochem Biophys Res Commun2025;766:151881

[32] Yin X,Wang L,Wu X.RSPOs facilitated HSC activation and promoted hepatic fibrogenesis.Oncotarget2016;7:63767-78 PMCID:PMC5325402

[33] Sugimoto A,Wang G.Hepatic stellate cells control liver zonation, size and functions via R-spondin 3.Nature2025;640:752-61 PMCID:PMC12003176

[34] Singh A,Shukla P.Exploring hepatic stellate cell-driven fibrosis: therapeutic advances and future perspectives.ADMET DMPK2025;13:2874 PMCID:PMC12335298

[35] Makri ES,Gika H.Serum and liver lipidome following empagliflozin administration for six months in a fast food diet mouse model.Int J Mol Sci2025;26:9273 PMCID:PMC12524644

[36] Bertran L,Abelló S.Untargeted lipidomic analysis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in women with morbid obesity.PLoS One2025;20:e0318557 PMCID:PMC11878907

[37] Heymann CJF,Holleboom AG.The plasma lipidome varies with the severity of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Lipids Health Dis2024;23:402 PMCID:PMC11653580

[38] Pebriana RB,Derks RJE.Non-invasive identification of steatohepatitis in patients with MASLD using a sterol and lipidomic signature.J Lipid Res2025;66:100845 PMCID:PMC12284782

[39] Meyer J,Richter S.Sex differences in diet-induced MASLD - are female mice naturally protected?.Front Endocrinol2025;16:1567573 PMCID:PMC11949793

[40] Makri ES,Mavrommatis Parasidis P.Partial validation of a six-month high-fat diet and fructose-glucose drink combination as a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Endocrine2024;85:704-16 PMCID:PMC11291610

[41] Ballestri S,Baldelli E,Romagnoli D.NAFLD as a sexual dimorphic disease: role of gender and reproductive status in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and inherent cardiovascular risk.Adv Ther2017;34:1291-326 PMCID:PMC5487879

[42] Cherubini A,Pelusi S.Sexual dimorphism of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Trends Mol Med2024;30:1126-36

[43] Geng A,Luo Z.Computational methods for spatial multi-omics integration.Biotechnol Adv2026;87:108807

[44] Kim DY,Choi J,Lee JS.Spatial multi-omics in precision medicine: Integrating biological insights through multidisciplinary collaboration.Semin Cancer Biol2026;119:24-37