Novel prenylated diketopiperazines with anti-osteoclastogenic activity from the deep-sea-derived Penicillium limosum ZEN48

Abstract

A systematic chemical investigation of the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium limosum ZEN48 resulted in the isolation of four new indole-diketopiperazine alkaloids, limopiperazines A–D (1–4), alongside 16 known analogues (5–20). The structures of the new compounds were determined through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical calculations, X-ray crystallography, and biogenetic considerations. Limopiperazine C (3) potently inhibited osteoclast differentiation and disrupted actin ring formation. Integrated RNA sequencing, RT-qPCR and molecular docking revealed that limopiperazine C exerts the anti-osteoclastogenic effect by modulating the ferroptosis signaling pathway via targeting heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox-1), positioning it as a promising lead compound for developing anti-osteoporotic agents.

Keywords

Deep-sea-derived fungus / Penicillium limosum / Diketopiperazines / Osteoclast differentiation / Ferroptosis / Anti-osteoporotic

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