Characterization of Bacillus phage Gxv1, a novel lytic Salasvirus phage isolated from deep-sea seamount sediments

Abstract

Seamounts are hotspots for marine life, but to date, no bacteriophages have been reported. Here, a novel Bacillus podophage (named as Bacillus phage Gxv1) was isolated from deep-sea seamount sediments of the western Pacific Ocean (~ 5790 m). Phage Gxv1 has a hexameric head ~ 42–53 nm in diameter and a short tail of ~ 30 nm long, which is a typical feature of the Podoviridae family. One-step curve analysis showed that Gxv1 is a lytic phage that can initiate host lysis within 3.5 h post-infection, and has a relatively large burst size. The 21,781-bp genome contains 34 predicted genes, and the G + C content of phage Gxv1 is 39.69%. Whole-genome comparison of phage Gxv1 with known bacteriophages, using BlastN analysis against the IMG/VR database, revealed that phage Gxv1 is closely related to Bacillus phage phi29 that infects Bacillus subtilis, and their genome-wide similarity is 93.62%. Phylogenetic analysis based on DNA polymerase showed that phage Gxv1 belongs to the Salasvirus genus. Multiple genome alignment showed that phage Gxv1 shares a high level of sequence similarity and common gene order with Bacillus phage phi29. However, some sequences are unique to phage Gxv1, and this region contains genes encoding DNA packing protein, DNA replication protein, and unknown protein. These sequences exhibit low sequence similarity to known bacteriophages, highlighting an unknown origin of these sequences. This study will help improve our understanding of the Salasvirus genus and phage diversity in deep-sea seamounts.