Versatile and remarkable potential of transition metal dichalcogenides for advanced phototherapy and biosensing

Abstract

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as a versatile class of two-dimensional materials whose strong light-matter interactions and tunable physicochemical properties enable a broad range of biomedical applications. This Review provides a mechanism-driven overview of TMDs as multifunctional platforms for phototherapeutic and optical biosensing technologies, with emphasis on how their atomic structure, electronic configuration, excitonic behavior, and surface chemistry govern optical absorption, energy relaxation, and biointerfacing processes. We first summarize the fundamental optoelectronic characteristics of TMDs that distinguish them from conventional nanomaterials, including strong exciton binding, efficient nonradiative energy dissipation, and layer-dependent symmetry and band structure. Building on these principles, recent advances in TMD-enabled phototherapeutic applications, such as photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, are discussed, highlighting how strong near-infrared absorption, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and structural robustness enable precise and durable light-triggered treatments. We then examine emerging optical biosensing modalities based on TMDs, including multiphoton and nonlinear optical imaging, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and photoacoustic imaging. Across these platforms, exciton-mediated nonlinear responses, defect- and edge-induced charge-transfer pathways, and efficient optothermal transduction allow TMDs to overcome long-standing limitations in sensitivity, photostability, and imaging depth associated with traditional contrast agents. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future opportunities for translating TMD-enabled photonic and optothermal functionalities into scalable, biocompatible, and clinically relevant technologies, positioning TMDs as unifying materials for next-generation theranostic and biosensing platforms.

Keywords

Transition metal dichalcogenide / light-matter interactions / photothermal and photodynamic therapy / nonlinear optical processes / optical biosensing

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