Manganese dioxide as cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries: reaction mechanisms, optimization strategies and further prospects

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), as one of the most promising energy storage devices, have attracted widespread attention owing to their abundant resources, environmental friendliness, and high safety. As a crucial component of AZIBs, the electrochemical performance of cathode materials plays a decisive role in battery performance, thus necessitating in-depth investigations into the structure and properties of cathode materials. Manganese dioxide (MnO₂), as a cathode material for AZIBs, has garnered significant interest owing to advantages such as the low cost of manganese, stable structure, simple synthesis process, and abundant raw materials. Additionally, it exhibits high specific capacity and tunable cycling performance. However, MnO₂ as a cathode in AZIBs is plagued by structural deformation, side reactions, and the Jahn-Teller effect during cycling. Therefore, it is essential to comprehensively review the research progress, reaction mechanisms, and optimization strategies of MnO₂ in AZIBs.

Herein, MnO₂ is taken as the research focus. Firstly, we comprehensively summarize the development status and research progress of MnO₂ materials as cathodes for AZIBs. Subsequently, we conduct an in-depth analysis of the structural evolution and Zn²⁺ storage mechanisms of MnO₂ during cycling, including the conversion reaction mechanism, Zn²⁺ intercalation mechanism, dissolution-deposition mechanism, and H⁺/Zn²⁺ co-intercalation mechanism. Building on this, various optimization strategies such as structural control, morphological regulation, defect engineering, and electrolyte development are systematically reviewed. Finally, we outline future research directions for high-performance MnO₂ cathodes, put forward a rational research roadmap to maximize the electrochemical properties of MnO₂, and facilitate the construction of stable AZIBs.

Keywords

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries, cathode / MnO₂, optimization strategies, manganese dioxide, mechanisms

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