Vaccines and non-antibiotic therapeutics for combating antimicrobial resistance: From prevention to precision interventions

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an escalating threat to global health by compromising the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics and increasing the risk of treatment failure for common infections. As the development of new antibiotics lags behind the rapid emergence of resistant pathogens, alternative strategies are urgently needed to sustain effective infection management. Vaccines and non- antibiotic therapeutics represent complementary approaches that can reduce reliance on conventional antimicrobials while limiting the selective pressures that drive resistance. While vaccinations prevent infections, reduce pathogen transmission, and decrease antibiotic consumption at both individual and population levels, precision therapeutics, in parallel, enable targeted treatment of resistant infections while preserving host microbial ecology. This review synthesizes current evidence on the role of vaccines as underutilized tools for AMR mitigation and examines emerging non-antibiotic therapeutic strategies with translational and clinical potential. Beyond individual modalities, we propose an integrated framework that combines prevention, precision interventions, stewardship, and surveillance to enhance AMR control. Key considerations include research priorities, regulatory pathways, implementation challenges, and equitable access across diverse healthcare settings. By shifting from a predominantly antibiotic-centered approach toward prevention and targeted biologic interventions, these strategies offer a sustainable pathway to reduce the burden of AMR and preserve the effectiveness of existing therapies.

Keywords

Antimicrobial resistance / Vaccines / Non-antibiotic therapeutics / Precision medicine / Global health

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