The gastric microbiome in carcinogenesis and therapy: From mechanisms to engineered microbial therapeutics

Abstract

The tumor-associated microbiome has emerged as a novel hallmark of cancer. Gastric cancer (GC) serves as a paradigm for microbiome-associated carcinogenesis, with well-established roles for specific pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus. However, the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms by which microbial communities drive gastric tumorigenesis remain incompletely understood. Recent technological advancements have unveiled a broader spectrum of microorganisms implicated in GC, highlighting the emerging roles of the mycobiome (fungal microbiome) and bacterial-fungal interactions in shaping the tumor microenvironment. This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in GC-associated pathogens, with a particular emphasis on how bacteria and fungi contribute to GC through direct carcinogenic effects, modulation of host immune responses, and influencing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. We critically analyze the “double-edged sword” nature of the microbiome in GC and discuss the potential of multi-omics approaches to unravel complex microbe-host interactions. Finally, we explore the frontier of leveraging synthetic biology to develop engineered microbes (including bacteria and oncolytic viruses) as novel anticancer therapeutics, while addressing the challenges in translating these strategies into clinical practice. A deeper understanding of the gastric microbiome, particularly the multi-kingdom microbial network, is poised to open new avenues for microbiome-based precision diagnosis and innovative therapies for GC management.

Keywords

Microbiome / Gastric cancer / Mycobiome / Bacterial-fungal interactions / Tumor microenvironment / Immunotherapy / Engineered microbial therapeutics

Acknowledgments

None.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Key R& Program of China (2023YFC2505903), the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants (82361168638, 82222052, 82372613, 82360502), the NSFC-RGC Joint Research Scheme (N_CUHK448/23), the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology (grant no. 2023SHZDZX02A11), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (23YF1432900, 23ZR1480400), Fund of Fudan University and Cao’ejiang Basic Research (24FCB05), the Academician Expert Workstation of Yunnan Province (202505AF350068), the First-Class Discipline Team of Kunming Medical University (2024XKTDPY04), the Basic Research Major Project of Kunming Medical University (202401AY070001-050), the Talent Support Program of Yunnan Provine (XDYC-YLWS-2023-0029), and the Shanxi Science and Technology Cooperation and Exchange Special Project (202304041101045).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Meihang Du, Ziyuan Liu, Zhaocai Zhou

Visualization: Wei Kang, Ka Fai To, Chao Dong

Resources: Meihang Du, Ziyuan Liu, Yi Han, Lijun Han, Zhaocai Zhou

Writing-original draft: Meihang Du, Ziyuan Liu, Junping Bai

Writing-review & editing: Meihang Du, Dandan Geng, Zhangting Zhao, Shi Jiao, Liwei An, Zhaocai Zhou

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data

Not applicable.

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