Advances in monkeypox-related research: India’s strategic response and scientific contributions

Abstract

The resurgence of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), caused by the mpox virus, has emerged as a global health concern, extending beyond its endemic regions and affecting countries such as India since 2022. Although less severe than smallpox, mpox shares clinical similarities with smallpox, complicating clinical diagnosis and reporting. Its rapid transmission, coupled with the absence of targeted vaccines and antiviral therapies, underscores the urgent need for focused research and public health preparedness. This review synthesizes findings from over 350 publications originating from Indian institutions, highlighting progress in epidemiology, clinical characterization, genomic analysis, vaccine development, and public health strategies. It discusses breakthroughs in diagnostics, molecular studies, and therapeutic approaches, while identifying key challenges and future priorities. The World Health Organization’s declaration of mpox as a public health emergency of international concern in 2022 has catalyzed research efforts in India. Indian scientists have responded with a surge in publications, exploring viral pathogenesis, host interactions, and the development of novel diagnostic tools and vaccines. The review also emphasizes the role of computational biology, artificial intelligence, and traditional medicine in shaping India’s response. India has made significant progress in mpox-related research, particularly in diagnostics, clinical management, and epidemiology. However, the absence of specific vaccines and antiviral treatments remains a critical gap. Continued investment in research, international collaboration, and policy innovation will be essential for developing effective containment and treatment strategies. With sustained efforts, India is well-positioned to make a meaningful contribution to global mpox control and preparedness.

Keywords

Monkeypox / Mpox virus / Zoonotic diseases / India public health response / Mpox virus research in India

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Sulaiman Sheriff, from the Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, USA, and Prof. Tahir Aziz Rizvi, from the Department of Microbiology, United Arab Emirates University, UAE, for helping with the editing of the manuscript. We acknowledge the encouragement from Dr. Abdul Jabbar of the Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, USA, and the support from Prof. Ashique Puthalath Aranjikkal of the Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli.

Funding

None.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: All authors

Visualization: Muhammed Muhsin Varikkodan

Writing-original draft: Muhammed Muhsin Varikkodan, Faisal Kunnathodi

Writing-review & editing: All authors

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data

Not applicable.

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