Vitamin-Engineered Nanoplatforms in Precision Oncology: Integrating Immunotherapy, Delivery Systems, and Theranostics

Abstract

Precision oncology urgently requires multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of integrating therapy, diagnosis, and immune modulation to overcome tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. Vitamin-derived nanomaterials, the intrinsic biocompatibility, metabolic activity, and receptor-targeting properties of vitamins, have emerged as versatile tools to address these challenges, particularly within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This review critically examines recent advances in vitamin-based nanoplatforms, categorizing them by solubility: fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (B complex, and C). We explore their roles across three critical domains: (i) immunomodulation, including enhancing cancer immunotherapy by activating dendritic cells, reprogramming T-cells, enhancing checkpoint blockade, inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization, regulating T-cells, upregulating anticancer immunity, and remodeling the TME; (ii) stimuli-responsive drug delivery, exploiting vitamin-derived carriers for tumor-specific payload release and spatiotemporal delivery of antigens/adjuvants; and (iii) diagnostic integration, utilizing vitamin-conjugated imaging probes and theranostic hybrids. In addition, we highlight key preclinical breakthroughs demonstrating that these platforms enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy while minimizing toxicity. However, emerging challenges such as scalability, reproducibility, stability, long-term biodistribution, and clinical translatability are systematically analyzed. By synthesizing mechanistic insights, translational progress, and future directions, this review provides a roadmap for leveraging vitamin biology to engineer next-generation nanomedicines for precision cancer management.

Keywords

cancer immunotherapy / diagnostic integration / drug delivery / nanomaterials / vitamin

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