Risk factors influencing chronic inflammation in neoplastic transition to prostate cancer

Abstract

Chronic inflammation and its role in driving cellular plasticity have recently been documented as a significant risk factor for prostate cancer. The progression of prostate cancer has been linked to stages of inflammation-driven changes, ranging from simple atrophy to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and eventually to low- and high-grade neoplastic forms. Long-term oxidative stress and the genetic damage caused by chronic inflammation are among the well-characterized risk factors in the development of prostate cancer. Both uncontrollable and controllable factors contribute to this transition process. Non-modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer include age, race, ethnicity, family history of obesity, and certain genetic predispositions. Modifiable risk factors, such as a sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, obesogenic habits, and microbial dysbiosis, may further elevate the risk of neoplastic transformation. Additionally, environmental pollutants, like chlordecone and nitrates, can interact with biological factors, potentially influencing cellular plasticity. These factors collectively contribute to an increased risk of prostate cancer and may facilitate neoplastic progression. Certain molecular markers have also been implicated in promoting chronic inflammation, enhancing cellular proliferation, and inhibiting apoptosis, thereby aiding in this transition. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the known modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that contribute to the neoplastic transition in the prostate and elevate the risk of prostate cancer.

Keywords

Prostate cancer / chronic inflammation / risk factors / gut microbiome / obesity / pollutants / race / susceptibility genes

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