Role of transfer RNA modification and aminoacylation in the etiology of congenital intellectual disability

Abstract

Transfer RNA (tRNA) modification and aminoacylation are post-transcriptional processes that play a crucial role in the function of tRNA and thus represent critical steps in gene expression. Knowledge of the exact processes and effects of the defects in various tRNAs remains incomplete, but a rapidly increasing number of publications over the last decade has shown a growing amount of evidence as to the importance of tRNAs for normal human development, including brain formation and the development and maintenance of higher cognitive functions as well. In this review, we present a synopsis of the literature focusing on tRNA-modifying enzymes and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) that have been found to be involved in the etiology of hereditary forms of intellectual disability. Our overview shows several parallels but also differences in the symptomatic spectrum observed in individuals affected by intellectual disability caused by mutations in tRNA modifier and/or ARS genes. This observation suggests that tRNAs seem to assume diverse roles in a variety of cellular processes possibly even beyond translation and that not only the abundance but also the modification and aminoacylation levels of tRNAs contribute to cell functions in ways that still remain to be understood.

Keywords

transfer RNA modification / aminoacylation / intellectual disability / aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases / ARS / human cognition / cognitive impairment / brain development

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