Background Sarcopenic obesity (SO) in older adults is associated with increased risks of metabolic disorders and mortality. Exercise and/or nutritional interventions are commonly employed for SO management, yet their effectiveness remains uncertain, and whether combined strategies offer superior benefits over single-component approaches is still under debate.
Objective This study aimed to identify research trends and evaluate the effects of exercise and/or nutritional interventions on body composition and physical function in older adults with SO.
Methods Literature published between 1998 and 2025 was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric analyses were conducted using CiteSpace and VOSviewer, and a meta-analysis was performed with RevMan.
Results Among the 202 included studies, analysis of keywords revealed recent hot topics such as myokines, gut microbiota, and osteoporosis. Meta-analysis of 19 trials showed: (1) Exercise alone: Resistance exercise (RE) reduced body mass index (BMI) (SMD = –0.51, P = 0.0008) with small effect size, improved body fat (BF%) (SMD = –0.79, P < 0.00001) and gait speed (GS) (SMD = 0.96, P = 0.0008) with a moderate effect size, and improved handgrip strength (HGS) with a small effect size (SMD = 0.49, P = 0.002). Combined exercise (CE) reduced BF% (SMD = –0.56, P = 0.0001) and BMI (SMD = –0.51, P = 0.02) and improved GS moderately (SMD = 0.53, P = 0.04) with small effect size, but did not significantly affect HGS (P = 0.21). No exercise intervention significantly affected appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) (P = 0.18). (2) Nutrition alone or combined with exercise showed no significant effects on BF% (P = 0.12), ASM (P = 0.42), or HGS (P = 0.4).
Conclusions This study suggests that RE should be the preferred intervention for SO in older adults, effectively improving body composition and physical function. CE also show utility, achieving comparable fat reduction and improving GS, though its effect on HGS remains limited, indicating room for protocol optimization. Current evidence falls short of supporting nutrition-only or synergistic exercise-nutrition approaches as first-line therapies, highlighting the necessity for stringent monitoring of energy intake and expenditure in future protocols. Moreover, multicenter RCTs are warranted to decode the mechanisms of these interventions—such as the gut-muscle axis and related signaling pathways—while fostering cross-disciplinary collaboration and extending evaluative frameworks to encompass broader comorbid phenotypes.
| [1] |
Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr, 1997, 127(5 Suppl): 990s-991s.
|
| [2] |
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al.. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing, 2019, 48(4. ArticleID: 601
|
| [3] |
Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Is sarcopenia associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and functional disability?. Exp Gerontol, 2017, 96: 100-3.
|
| [4] |
Su YC, Chang SF, Tsai HC. The relationship between sarcopenia and injury events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 98,754 older adults. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(21): 6274.
|
| [5] |
Yuenyongchaiwat K, Boonsinsukh R. Sarcopenia and its relationships with depression, cognition, and physical activity in Thai community-dwelling older adults. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res, 2020, 2020. ArticleID: 8041489
|
| [6] |
Baumgartner RN. Body composition in healthy aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2000, 904: 437-448.
|
| [7] |
Gao Q, Mei F, Shang Y, Hu K, Chen F, Zhao L, et al.. Global prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr, 2021, 40(7): 4633-4641.
|
| [8] |
Kim YJ, Moon S, Yu JM, Chung HS. Implication of diet and exercise on the management of age-related sarcopenic obesity in Asians. Geriatr Gerontol Int, 2022, 22(9): 695-704.
|
| [9] |
Batsis JA, Villareal DT. Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2018, 14(9): 513-37.
|
| [10] |
Hong SH, Choi KM. Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(2. ArticleID: 494
|
| [11] |
Kemmler W, Weissenfels A, Teschler M, Willert S, Bebenek M, Shojaa M, et al.. Whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation favorably affect sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older men at risk: the randomized controlled FranSO study. Clin Interv Aging, 2017, 12: 1503-1513.
|
| [12] |
Muscariello E, Nasti G, Siervo M, Di Maro M, Lapi D, D'Addio G, et al.. Dietary protein intake in sarcopenic obese older women. Clin Interv Aging, 2016, 11: 133-140.
|
| [13] |
Jabbour J, Rahme M, Mahfoud ZR, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Effect of high dose vitamin D supplementation on indices of sarcopenia and obesity assessed by DXA among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Endocrine, 2022, 76(1): 162-71.
|
| [14] |
Martínez-Amat A, Aibar-Almazán A, Fábrega-Cuadros R, Cruz-Díaz D, Jiménez-García JD, Pérez-López FR, et al.. Exercise alone or combined with dietary supplements for sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas, 2018, 110: 92-103.
|
| [15] |
Yin YH, Liu JYW, Välimäki M. Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions on the management of sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol, 2020, 135. ArticleID: 110937
|
| [16] |
Liu Z, Yu Q, Liu H. Mesenchymal stem cells in heterotopic ossification in ankylosing spondylitis: a bibliometric study based on CiteSpace and VOSViewer. J Inflamm Res, 2023, 16: 4389-4398.
|
| [17] |
Chen T, Yu Y, Jia F, Luan P, Liu X. The relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance from 1983 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis. Front Public Health, 2022, 10. ArticleID: 960965
|
| [18] |
Song Y, Wang L, Pittas AG, Del Gobbo LC, Zhang C, Manson JE, et al.. Blood 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(5): 1422-1428.
|
| [19] |
Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2009, 41(1): 3-13.
|
| [20] |
Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med, 2002, 21(11): 1539-58.
|
| [21] |
Kemmler W, Grimm A, Bebenek M, Kohl M, von Stengel S. Effects of combined whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation on local and overall muscle/fat distribution in older men with sarcopenic obesity: the randomized controlled Franconia Sarcopenic Obesity (FranSO) Study. Calcif Tissue Int, 2018, 103(3): 266-277.
|
| [22] |
Kemmler W, Teschler M, Weissenfels A, Bebenek M, von Stengel S, Kohl M, et al.. Whole-body electromyostimulation to fight sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older women at risk. Resultsof the randomized controlled FORMOsA-sarcopenic obesity study. Osteoporos Int, 2016, 27(11): 3261-3270.
|
| [23] |
Prado CM, Batsis JA, Donini LM, Gonzalez MC, Siervo M. Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a clinical overview. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2024, 20(5): 261-277.
|
| [24] |
Mitchell WK, Williams J, Atherton P, Larvin M, Lund J, Narici M. Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review. Front Physiol, 2012, 3. ArticleID: 260
|
| [25] |
Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Fernandes RR, Sugihara Junior P, Cavalcante EF, Cunha PM, et al.. Effect of whey protein supplementation combined with resistance training on body composition, muscular strength, functional capacity, and plasma-metabolism biomarkers in older women with sarcopenic obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 2019, 32: 88-95.
|
| [26] |
Liao CD, Tsauo JY, Lin LF, Huang SW, Ku JW, Chou LC, et al.. Effects of elastic resistance exercise on body composition and physical capacity in older women with sarcopenic obesity: a CONSORT-compliant prospective randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 2017, 96(23. ArticleID: e7115
|
| [27] |
Maltais ML, Perreault K, Courchesne-Loyer A, Lagacé JC, Barsalani R, Dionne IJ. Effect of resistance training and various sources of protein supplementation on body fat mass and metabolic profile in sarcopenic overweight older adult men: a pilot study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2016, 26(1): 71-7.
|
| [28] |
Hsu KJ, Liao CD, Tsai MW, Chen CN. Effects of exercise and nutritional intervention on body composition, metabolic health, and physical performance in adults with sarcopenic obesity: a meta-analysis. Nutrients, 2019, 11(9): 2163.
|
| [29] |
Picca A, Fanelli F, Calvani R, Mulè G, Pesce V, Sisto A, et al.. Gut dysbiosis and muscle aging: searching for novel targets against sarcopenia. Mediators Inflamm, 2018, 2018. ArticleID: 7026198
|
| [30] |
Sainsbury A, Zhang L. Role of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in regulation of body weight during energy deficit. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 2010, 316(2): 109-19.
|
| [31] |
Strasser B, Wolters M, Weyh C, Krüger K, Ticinesi A. The effects of lifestyle and diet on gut microbiota composition, inflammation and muscle performance in our aging society. Nutrients, 2021, 13(6. ArticleID: 2045
|
| [32] |
Larabi A, Barnich N, Nguyen HTT. New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in IBD. Autophagy, 2020, 16(1): 38-51.
|
| [33] |
Nagpal R, Mainali R, Ahmadi S, Wang S, Singh R, Kavanagh K, et al.. Gut microbiome and aging: physiological and mechanistic insights. Nutrition and Healthy Aging, 2018, 4(4): 267-285.
|
| [34] |
de Sire R, Rizzatti G, Ingravalle F, Pizzoferrato M, Petito V, Lopetuso L, et al.. Skeletal muscle-gut axis: emerging mechanisms of sarcopenia for intestinal and extra intestinal diseases. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol, 2018, 64(4): 351-362.
|
| [35] |
Bäckhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007, 104(3): 979-84.
|
| [36] |
Di Vincenzo O, Piciocchi C, Muzzioli L, Poggiogalle E, Frigerio F, Minnetti M, et al.. Osteosarcopenic obesity: a systematic review and a call for consensus on definitions and diagnostic criteria. Clin Nutr, 2025, 51: 146-160.
|
| [37] |
Chen L, Zhou W, Li J, Xu T, Shi Z. Effects of exercise in older adults with osteosarcopenic adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2025, 26(1. ArticleID: 342
|
| [38] |
Ilich JZ. Osteosarcopenic adiposity syndrome update and the role of associated minerals and vitamins. Proc Nutr Soc, 2021, 80(3): 344-55.
|
| [39] |
Vucic V, Ristic-Medic D, Arsic A, Petrovic S, Paunovic M, Vasiljevic N, et al.. Nutrition and physical activity as modulators of osteosarcopenic adiposity: a scoping review and recommendations for future research. Nutrients, 2023, 15(7. ArticleID: 1619
|
| [40] |
Polyzos SA, Vachliotis ID, Mantzoros CS. Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism, 2023, 147. ArticleID: 155676
|
| [41] |
Amann M, Sidhu SK, Weavil JC, Mangum TS, Venturelli M. Autonomic responses to exercise: group III/IV muscle afferents and fatigue. Auton Neurosci, 2015, 188: 19-23.
|
| [42] |
Guo A, Li K, Xiao Q. Sarcopenic obesity: myokines as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets?. Exp Gerontol, 2020, 139. ArticleID: 111022
|
| [43] |
Paris MT, Bell KE, Mourtzakis M. Myokines and adipokines in sarcopenia: understanding cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and the role of exercise. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2020, 52: 61-6.
|
| [44] |
Chang JS, Kim TH, Nguyen TT, Park KS, Kim N, Kong ID. Circulating irisin levels as a predictive biomarker for sarcopenia: a cross-sectional community-based study. Geriatr Gerontol Int, 2017, 17(11): 2266-2273.
|
| [45] |
Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al.. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature, 2012, 481(7382): 463-468.
|
| [46] |
Lee MJ, Lee SA, Nam BY, Park S, Lee SH, Ryu HJ, et al.. Irisin, a novel myokine is an independent predictor for sarcopenia and carotid atherosclerosis in dialysis patients. Atherosclerosis, 2015, 242(2): 476-482.
|
| [47] |
Zhao J, Zhang X, Liu H, Brown MA, Qiao S. Dietary protein and gut microbiota composition and function. Curr Protein Pept Sci, 2019, 20(2): 145-54.
|
| [48] |
Burd NA, Gorissen SH, van Loon LJ. Anabolic resistance of muscle protein synthesis with aging. Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 2013, 41(3): 169-173.
|
| [49] |
Paddon-Jones D, Leidy H. Dietary protein and muscle in older persons. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2014, 17(1): 5-11.
|
| [50] |
Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Pennings B, Fry CS, Dhanani S, Dillon EL, et al.. Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging. J Appl Physiol, 2008, 104(5): 1452-1461.
|
| [51] |
Rommel C, Bodine SC, Clarke BA, Rossman R, Nunez L, Stitt TN, et al.. Mediation of IGF-1-induced skeletal myotube hypertrophy by PI(3)K/Akt/mTOR and PI(3)K/Akt/GSK3 pathways. Nat Cell Biol, 2001, 3(11): 1009-1013.
|
| [52] |
Meng SJ, Yu LJ. Oxidative stress, molecular inflammation and sarcopenia. Int J Mol Sci, 2010, 11(4): 1509-26.
|
| [53] |
de Lemos Muller CH, de Matos JR, Grigolo GB, Schroeder HT, Rodrigues-Krause J, Krause M. Exercise training for the elderly: inflammaging and the central role for HSP70. J Sci Sport Exerc, 2019, 1(2): 97-115.
|
| [54] |
Markofski MM, Carrillo AE, Timmerman KL, Jennings K, Coen PM, Pence BD, et al.. Exercise training modifies ghrelin and adiponectin concentrations and is related to inflammation in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2014, 69(6): 675-681.
|
| [55] |
Hofmann M, Schober-Halper B, Oesen S, Franzke B, Tschan H, Bachl N, et al.. Effects of elastic band resistance training and nutritional supplementation on muscle quality and circulating muscle growth and degradation factors of institutionalized elderly women: the Vienna Active Ageing Study (VAAS). Eur J Appl Physiol, 2016, 116(5): 885-897.
|
| [56] |
Liao CD, Tsauo JY, Huang SW, Ku JW, Hsiao DJ, Liou TH. Effects of elastic band exercise on lean mass and physical capacity in older women with sarcopenic obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1. ArticleID: 2317
|
| [57] |
Wilkinson DJ, Hossain T, Hill DS, et al.. Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. J Physiol, 2013, 591(11): 2911-2923.
|
| [58] |
Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, et al.. HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids, 2011, 40(4): 1015-1025.
|
| [59] |
Kaczka P, Michalczyk MM, Jastrząb R, Gawelczyk M, Kubicka K. Mechanism of action and the effect of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on different types of physical performance - a systematic review. J Hum Kinet, 2019, 68: 211-22.
|
| [60] |
Chen HT, Chung YC, Chen YJ, Ho SY, Wu HJ. Effects of different types of exercise on body composition, muscle strength, and IGF-1 in the elderly with sarcopenic obesity. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2017, 65(4): 827-832.
|
| [61] |
Chiu SC, Yang RS, Yang RJ, Chang SF. Effects of resistance training on body composition and functional capacity among sarcopenic obese residents in long-term care facilities: a preliminary study. BMC Geriatr, 2018, 18(1. ArticleID: 21
|
| [62] |
Ferhi H, Gaied Chortane S, Durand S, Beaune B, Boyas S, Maktouf W. Effects of physical activity program on body composition, physical performance, and neuromuscular strategies during walking in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: randomized controlled trial. Healthcare, 2023, 11(16. ArticleID: 2294
|
| [63] |
Huang SW, Ku JW, Lin LF, Liao CD, Chou LC, Liou TH. Body composition influenced by progressive elastic band resistance exercise of sarcopenic obesity elderly women: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 2017, 53(4): 556-63.
|
| [64] |
Jung WS, Kim YY, Kim JW, Park HY. Effects of circuit training program on cardiovascular risk factors, vascular inflammatory markers, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in elderly obese women with sarcopenia. Rev Cardiovasc Med, 2022, 23(4. ArticleID: 134
|
| [65] |
Kim H, Kim M, Kojima N, Fujino K, Hosoi E, Kobayashi H, et al.. Exercise and nutritional supplementation on community-dwelling elderly Japanese women with sarcopenic obesity: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2016, 17(11): 1011-1019.
|
| [66] |
Magtouf E, Chortane SG, Chortane OG, Boyas S, Beaune B, Durand S, et al.. Influence of concurrent exercise training on ankle muscle activation during static and proactive postural control on older adults with sarcopenic obesity: a multicenter, randomized, and controlled trial. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ, 2023, 13(12): 2779-2794.
|
| [67] |
Park J, Kwon Y, Park H. Effects of 24-week aerobic and resistance training on carotid artery intima-media thickness and flow velocity in elderly women with sarcopenic obesity. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2017, 24(11): 1117-24.
|
| [68] |
Polo-Ferrero L, Martin MJ, Puente-González AS, Barbero-Iglesias FJ, González-Manzano S, Méndez-Sánchez R. Efficacy of power training on sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older women: a 32-week randomized clinical trial. Nutrients, 2025.
|
| [69] |
Sammarco R, Marra M, Di Guglielmo ML, Naccarato M, Contaldo F, Poggiogalle E, et al.. Evaluation of hypocaloric diet with protein supplementation in middle-aged sarcopenic obese women: a pilot study. Obes Facts, 2017, 10(3): 160-167.
|
| [70] |
Vasconcelos KS, Dias JM, Araújo MC, Pinheiro AC, Moreira BS, Dias RC. Effects of a progressive resistance exercise program with high-speed component on the physical function of older women with sarcopenic obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther, 2016, 20(5): 432-40.
|
| [71] |
Yin YH, Liu JYW, Välimäki M. Dietary behaviour change intervention for managing sarcopenic obesity among community-dwelling older people: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr, 2023, 23(1): 597.
|
| [72] |
Harris-Love MO, Benson K, Leasure E, Adams B, McIntosh V. The influence of upper and lower extremity strength on performance-based sarcopenia assessment tests. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol, 2018, 3(4. ArticleID: 53
|
| [73] |
Bindels LB, Delzenne NM. Muscle wasting: the gut microbiota as a new therapeutic target?. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2013, 45: 2186-2190.
|
| [74] |
Liu C, Cheung WH, Li J, et al.. Understanding the gut microbiota and sarcopenia: a systematic review. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2021, 12(6): 1393-1407.
|
| [75] |
Saad MJ, Santos A, Prada PO. Linking gut microbiota and inflammation to obesity and insulin resistance. Physiol (Bethesda), 2016, 31(4): 283-93.
|
| [76] |
Vergara Nieto ÁA, Halabi Diaz A, Hernández Millán M, Sagredo Oyarzo D. Molecular mechanisms, physiological effects, gut microbiota interplay and nutritional strategies of anthocyanins as modulators of muscle protein synthesis: a narrative review. Curr Nutr Rep, 2025, 14(1. ArticleID: 105
|
| [77] |
Campaniello D, Corbo MR, Sinigaglia M, et al.. How diet and physical activity modulate gut microbiota: evidence, and perspectives. Nutrients, 2022, 14(12. ArticleID: 2456
|
| [78] |
Liu SJ, Niu YM, Fu L. Metabolic adaptations to exercise training. J Sci Sport Exerc. 2020;2(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-019-0018-3.
|
| [79] |
Wang Y, Li Y, Bo L, et al.. Progress of linking gut microbiota and musculoskeletal health: casualty, mechanisms, and translational values. Gut Microbes, 2023, 15(2. ArticleID: 2263207
|
| [80] |
Barry DJ, Wu SSX, Cooke MB. The relationship between gut microbiota, muscle mass and physical function in older individuals: a systematic review. Nutrients, 2024, 17(1. ArticleID: 81
|
| [81] |
Bouchonville MF, Villareal DT. Sarcopenic obesity: how do we treat it?. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 2013, 20(5): 412-419.
|
| [82] |
Liu CJ, Latham NK. Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009, 2009(3. ArticleID: Cd002759
|
| [83] |
Yarasheski KE, Zachwieja JJ, Bier DM. Acute effects of resistance exercise on muscle protein synthesis rate in young and elderly men and women. Am J Physiol, 1993, 265(2 Pt 1): E210-4.
|
| [84] |
Jackman SR, Witard OC, Philp A, Wallis GA, Baar K, Tipton KD. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Ingestion Stimulates Muscle Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis following Resistance Exercise in Humans. Front Physiol, 2017, 8. ArticleID: 390
|
| [85] |
Schiaffino S, Dyar KA, Ciciliot S, Blaauw B, Sandri M. Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy. FEBS J, 2013, 280(17): 4294-314.
|
| [86] |
Di Filippo ES, Bondi D, Pietrangelo T, Fanò-Illic G, Fulle S. Molecular and cellular aspects of sarcopenia, muscle healthy aging and physical conditioning in the elderly. J Sci Sport Exerc. 2020;2(3):246–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-020-00065-2.
|
| [87] |
Stotzer US, Rodrigues MF, Domingos MM, Silva GH, Duarte FO, Gatto CV, et al.. Resistance training suppresses intra-abdominal fatty acid synthesis in ovariectomized rats. Int J Sports Med, 2015, 36(3): 226-33.
|
| [88] |
Cordingley DM, Anderson JE, Cornish SM. Myokine response to blood-flow restricted resistance exercise in younger and older males in an untrained and resistance-trained state: a pilot study. J Sci Sport Exerc. 2023;5(3):203–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-022-00164-2.
|
| [89] |
Lin W, Pu L, Qian X, Pan J, Cheng R, Sun P. Exercise-induced modulation of gut microbiota in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Microbiol, 2025, 16. ArticleID: 1671975
|
| [90] |
Yan R, Chen Y, Zhang R, et al.. Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2025, 37(1. ArticleID: 320
|
| [91] |
Borba VZC, Costa TMDRL. Sarcopenic obesity: a review. Arch Endocrinol Metab, 2025, 68. ArticleID: e240084
|
| [92] |
Walker S. Evidence of resistance training-induced neural adaptation in older adults. Exp Gerontol, 2021, 151. ArticleID: 111408
|
| [93] |
Cadore EL, Izquierdo M, Pinto SS, Alberton CL, Pinto RS, Baroni BM, et al.. Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent training in the elderly: effects of intrasession exercise sequence. AGE, 2013, 35(3): 891-903.
|
| [94] |
Eddens L, van Someren K, Howatson G. The role of intra-session exercise sequence in the interference effect: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med, 2018, 48(1): 177-188.
|
| [95] |
Yamaguchi T, Kouzaki K, Sasaki K, Nakazato K. Alterations in neuromuscular junction morphology with ageing and endurance training modulate neuromuscular transmission and myofibre composition. J Physiol, 2025, 603(1): 107-25.
|
| [96] |
Lee DC, Brellenthin AG, Lanningham-Foster LM, Kohut ML, Li Y. Aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training and cardiovascular risk profile in overweight or obese adults: the cardiorace trial. Eur Heart J, 2024, 45(13): 1127-42.
|
| [97] |
Mertz KH, Reitelseder S, Bechshoeft R, Bulow J, Højfeldt G, Jensen M, et al.. The effect of daily protein supplementation, with or without resistance training for 1 year, on muscle size, strength, and function in healthy older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 2021, 113(4): 790-800.
|
| [98] |
Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Knab AM, Gillitt ND, Meaney MP, Jin F, et al.. Influence of vitamin D mushroom powder supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage in vitamin D insufficient high school athletes. J Sports Sci, 2014, 32(7): 670-679.
|
| [99] |
Bideshki MV, Behzadi M, Jamali M, Jamilian P, Zarezadeh M, Gargari BP. Ergogenic benefits of β-Hydroxy-β-Methyl butyrate (HMB) supplementation on body composition and muscle strength: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2025, 16(1. ArticleID: e13671
|
| [100] |
Zhou C, Qiu M, Zeng Z, et al.. Effects of multi-ingredient protein supplementation combined with exercise intervention on body composition and muscle fitness in healthy women: a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis. Front Nutr, 2025, 12. ArticleID: 1678433
|
| [101] |
Parry SA, Hodson L. Influence of dietary macronutrients on liver fat accumulation and metabolism. J Investig Med, 2017, 65(8): 1102-1115.
|
| [102] |
Tipton KD, Wolfe RR. Exercise, protein metabolism, and muscle growth. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2001, 11(1): 109-32.
|
| [103] |
Baczek J, Silkiewicz M, Wojszel ZB. Myostatin as a biomarker of muscle wasting and other pathologies-state of the art and knowledge gaps. Nutrients, 2020, 12(8. ArticleID: 2401
|
| [104] |
Kim TN, Park MS, Lim KI, Choi HY, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, et al.. Relationships between sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D status: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2013, 78(4): 525-32.
|
Funding
National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3600201)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024JNPD001)
RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS
Beijing Sport University
PDF
