Effect of Exercise Interventions on Dynamic Balance Assessed Through the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

Background

Dynamic balance is essential for athletic performance, and the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ) is a reliable measure. However, evidence on the effects of exercise interventions on YBT-LQ outcomes has been inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the impact of different training programs.

Methods

We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase through May 2025 for English‑language RCTs comparing exercise interventions with controls and reporting YBT‑LQ scores. Two reviewers independently extracted data. The primary outcome was the YBT‑LQ composite score, expressed as a percentage of limb length. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB2; pooled mean differences (MD), and 95% prediction intervals (PI) were estimated with random‑effects models, and certainty of evidence was graded with GRADE.

Results

Thirty-seven RCTs involving 1619 athletes were included. Neuromuscular training over 4–8 weeks significantly improved YBT-LQ scores (MD: 6.26; 95% CI: 4.89–7.63; P<0.001). Core training produced small but significant gains in soccer players (MD: 2.23; 95% CI: 0.65–3.81; P<0.01). The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+program yielded modest improvements (MD: 2.44; 95% CI: 0.16–4.72; P=0.04), while balance training demonstrated the strongest effect (MD: 10.84; 95% CI: 7.97–13.70; P<0.001).

Conclusion

Exercise interventions—particularly neuromuscular and balance-specific programs of moderate duration—consistently improve dynamic balance in athletes as measured by the YBT‑LQ. These findings highlight practical benefits for performance. However, whether such improvements directly reduce injury incidence remains uncertain and requires prospective trials with injury outcomes as primary endpoints.

Keywords

Postural balance / Injury prevention / Neuromuscular training / Core stability

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