Force Loss Following Static Stretching is Mediated by Peripheral Mechanisms Dependent on the Stretching Volume: A Crossover Study

Abstract

Background

Static stretching is widely adopted in sports and exercise to enhance joint range of motion. Despite its benefits, the transient negative impact of prolonged static stretching on muscle performance is well-documented. However, the specific central and peripheral mechanisms driving these effects, especially in relation to the volume of stretching performed, are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of different stretching volumes on plantar flexion torque, exploring the underlying central and peripheral mechanisms.

Methods

Twelve healthy subjects underwent low-volume (three sets of 30 s) and high-volume (three sets of 60 s) static stretching protocols to assess their effects on isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Peripheral mechanisms were assessed using descriptors of the torque twitch, whereas central mechanisms were evaluated from interpolated twitches and surface electromyograms detected across the gastrocnemius medialis.

Results

High-volume stretching, but not low-volume, resulted in significant decreases in MVC indicating a dose-dependent response to stretching volume. Additionally, peripheral mechanisms were primarily correlated with force loss following the high-volume stretching protocol, but not the low-volume protocol.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest a dose-dependent response of static stretching on force loss, predominantly mediated by peripheral mechanisms. These results highlight the importance of considering stretching volume prior to strength tasks while minimizing subsequent negative impacts on muscle performance. Practical recommendations include low-to-moderate static stretching volumes in activities demanding greater strength and incorporating sufficient recovery periods after high-volume stretching to mitigate transient performance declines.

Keywords

Muscle performance / Stretching / Force reduction / Neural mechanisms / Muscle mechanics

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