Compressible Boundary Data Immersion Method Applied to Force and Noise in Turbulence-Ingesting Rotors

Abstract

Numerical simulations were conducted on a 10-blade Sevik rotor ingesting wake downstream of two turbulence-generating grids. These simulations were based on implicit large-eddy simulation (ILES) and the boundary data immersion method (BDIM) for compressible flows, which were solved using a fully self-programmed Fortran code. Results show that the predicted thrust spectrum aligns closely with the experimental measurements. In addition, it captures the thrust dipole directivity of the noise around the rotating propeller due to random pressure pulsations on the blades, as well as the flow structures simultaneously. Furthermore, the differences in the statistical characteristics, flow structures, and low-frequency broadband thrust spectra due to different turbulence levels were investigated. This analysis indicates that the interaction between the upstream, which is characterized by a lower turbulence level and a higher turbulent length of scale, and the rotating propeller results in a lower amplitude in force spectra and a slight increase in the scale of tip vortices.

Keywords

Immersed boundary method / Compressible fluid / Turbulence / Hydroacoustic / Broadband / Propeller

References

[1] Al-AmJ, ClairV, GiauqueA, BoudetJ, Gea-AguileraF. Direct noise predictions of fan broadband noise using LES and analytical models. 28th AIAA/ CEAS Aeroacoustics 2022 Conference, Southampton, United Kingdom. June 14–17, 2022

[2] BodonyDJ, LeleSK. On using large-eddy simulation for the prediction of noise from cold and heated turbulent jets. Physics of Fluids, 2005, 178085103

[3] BogeyC, BaillyC, Juv’eD. Noise investigation of a high subsonic, moderate reynolds number jet using a compressible large eddy simulation. Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2003, 16(4): 273-297

[4] GeMYNumerical prediction of propeller induced hull pressure pulses and noise, 2021

[5] HuY, WuQ, ZhangHZ, HuangB, WangGY. Verification and validation of large eddy simulation of the unsteady turbulent flow around an underwater entity. Physics of Fluids, 2023, 3512125128

[6] JiB, LuoXW, ArndtREA, PengXX, WuYL. Large eddy simulation and theoretical investigations of the transient cavitating vortical flow structure around a NACA66 hydrofoil. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2015, 68: 121-134

[7] JiangJW, QiJT, CaiHP, ChenK, HuangWX. Prediction and optimisation of low-frequency discrete- and broadband-spectrum marine propeller forces. Applied Ocean Research, 2020, 98102114

[8] JukkaT, AnttiH. Acoustic source characterization of marine propulsors. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2022, 10(9): 1273-1273

[9] LenG, FenandoFImplicit large eddy simulation, 2007

[10] NathanA, WilliamD, NicholasM, N. AgastyaB, ChristopherH. Turbulence ingestion noise from an open rotor with different Inflows. Flinovia—Flow Induced Noise and Vibration Issues and Aspects-II, 2017, Cham. Springer.

[11] PaulBS, UhlmanJS. Development and validation of turbulence ingestion prediction capability of TONBROD. ASME 2012 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference, New York, USA, 2013August 19–22

[12] SavasS, MehmetA, PatrickF. Prediction of cavitating propeller underwater radiated noise using RANS DES-based hybrid method. Ships and Offshore Structures, 2021, 16(S1): 93-105

[13] SchlandererCS, WeymouthDG, SandbergDR. The boundary data immersion method for compressible flows with application to aeroacoustics. Journal of Computational Physics, 2017, 333: 440-461

[14] SeoJH, MittalR. A high-order immersed boundary method for acoustic wave scattering and low-Mach number flow-induced sound in complex geometries. Journal of Computational Physics, 2011, 230(42011): 1000-1019

[15] SevikM. Sound radiation from subsonic rotor subjected to turbulence. International Symposium on Fluid Mechanics and Design of Turbo Machinery. University Park, Pennsylvania, 1973

[16] SiQR, AliA, TianD, ChenMF, ChengXB, YuanJP. Prediction of hydrodynamic noise in ducted propeller using flow field-acoustic field coupled simulation technique based on novel vortex sound theory. Ocean Engineering, 2023, 272113907

[17] StewartALG, WilliamD, NathanA. Broadband rotor noise predictions using a time domain approach. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2015, 335: 115-124

[18] TestaC, IannielloS, SalvatoreF. A Ffowcs williams and hawkings formulation for hydroacoustic analysis of propeller sheet cavitation. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2018, 413: 421-441

[19] TranPH, PlourdeF. Computing compressible internal flows by means of an Immersed Boundary Method. Computers & Fluids, 2014, 97: 21-30

[20] WangJY, WangK, WangM. Computational prediction and analysis of rotor noise generation in a turbulent wake. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2020, 908A19

[21] WangM, FreundBJ, LeleKS. Comoutaional prediction of flow-generated sound. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2006, 38(1): 483-512

[22] WangYJ, GöttscheU, Abdel-MaksoudM. Sound field properties of non-Cavitating marine propellers. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2020, 8(11): 885-885

[23] WuQ, HuangB, WangGY, CaoSL, ZhuMM. Numerical modelling of unsteady cavitation and induced noise around a marine propeller. Ocean Engineering., 2018, 160(1–2): 143-155

[24] WuJF, HuangX. Flow-induced noise problems of propellers. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 2021, 40(3): 10-21

[25] XiongZY, LuLZ, ZhangGP, LiuDC. Experimental investigation on the low-frequency broadband unsteady force of marine propellers. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2021, 25(7): 843-852

[26] XiongZY, RuiW, LuLZ, ZhangGP, HuangX. Experimental investigation of broadband thrust and loading noise from pumpjet due to turbulence ingestion. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 255111408

[27] YaoHY, CaoLL, WuDZ, YuFX, HuangB. Generation and distribution of turbulence-induced forces on a propeller. Ocean Engineering, 2020, 206107255

[28] ZimmermannB, KohlerA. Optimizing savitzky–golay parameters for improving spectral resolution and quantification in infrared spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy, 2013, 67(8): 892-902

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Harbin Engineering University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature