Overview of the Recent Developments in Hybrid Floating Wind-Wave Platforms

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of the recent developments in hybrid wind-wave energy. With the focus on floating concepts, the possible configurations introduced in the literature are categorized and depicted, and the main conclusions obtained from the references are summarized. Moreover, offshore wind and wave resources are discussed in terms of complementarity and supplementarity, offering a new perspective to developing hybrid wind-wave energy systems that look for synergies not limited to maximizing power output. Then, the feasibility of the concepts under development is discussed in detail, with focus on technical feasibility, dynamic feasibility and limitations of the methods employed. The hybrid configurations that surpassed the experimental validation phase are highlighted, and the experimental results are summarized. By compiling more than 40 floating wind turbine concepts, new relations are drawn between power, wind turbine dimensions, platforms’ draft and displacement, which are further related to the payload allowance of the units to accommodate wave devices and onboard power take-off systems. Bearing in mind that it is a challenge to model the exact dynamics of hybrid floating wind-wave platforms, this paper elucidates the current research gaps, limitations and future trends in the field. Lastly, based on the overview and topics discussed, several major conclusions are drawn concerning hybrid synergies, dynamics and hydrodynamics of hybrid platforms, feasibility of concepts, among other regards.

Keywords

Offshore renewable energy / Floating offshore wind turbine / Wave energy converter / Floating platform / Technology development

References

[1] Aboutalebi P, M’zoughi F, Garrido I, Garrido AJ. Performance analysis on the use of oscillating water columns in barge-based floating offshore wind turbines. Mathematics, 2021, 9: 475

[2] Aboutalebi P, M’zoughi F, Martija I, Garrido I, Garrido AJ. Switching control strategy for oscillating water columns based on response amplitude operators for floating offshore wind turbines stabilization. Appl Sci, 2021, 11: 5249

[3] Aboutalebi P, M’zoughi F, Garrido I, Garrido AJ. A control technique for hybrid floating offshore wind turbines using oscillating water columns for generated power fluctuation reduction. J Comp Design Eng, 2022, 10: 250-265

[4] Aboutalebi P, Garrido AJ, Garrido I, Nguyen DT, Gao Z. Hydrodynamic and static stability analysis of a hybrid offshore wind-wave energy generation: an expansion of semisubmersible floating wind turbine concept. Proc EWTEC 2023 15th European Wave Tidal Energy Conf, 2023, 15: 628

[5] Aboutalebi P, Garrido AJ, Garrido I, Nguyen DT, Gao Z. Hydrostatic stability and hydrodynamics of a floating wind turbine platform integrated with oscillating water columns: a design study. Renew Energy, 2024, 221: 119824

[6] Ansys AQWA theory manual, 2020, Canonsburg, PA, USA: AQWA

[7] Arinaga RA, Cheung KF. Atlas of global wave energy from 10 years of reanalysis and hindcast data. Renew Energy, 2012, 39: 49-64

[8] Asai T, Tsukamoto S, Nemoto Y, Yoshimizu K, Watanabe U, Taniyama Y. Numerical simulation of a floating offshore wind turbine incorporating an electromagnetic inerter-based device for vibration suppression and wave energy conversion. Struct Control Health Monit, 2023, 5513733

[9] Ayub MW, Hamza A, Aggidis GA, Ma X. A review of power co-generation technologies from hybrid offshore wind and wave energy. Energies, 2023, 16: 550

[10] Babarit A, Hals J, Muliawan MJ, Kurniawan A, Moan T, Krokstad J. Numerical benchmark study of a selection of wave energy converters. Energy, 2012, 41: 44-63

[11] Bachynski EE, Moan T. Point absorber design for a combined wind and wave energy converter on a tension-leg platform. Proc ASME 2013 32nd Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2013-10429, 2013

[12] Bachynski EE, Moan T. Second order wave force effects on tension leg platform wind turbines in misaligned wind and waves. Proc ASME 2014 33rd Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2014-23131, 2014

[13] Bachynski EE, Thys M, Sauder T, Chabaud V, Saether LO. Real-time hybrid model testing of a braceless semi-submersible wind turbine. Part II: Experimental results. Proc ASME 2016 35th Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2016-54437, 2016

[14] Bracco G. ISWEC: A gyroscopic wave energy converter, 2010, Milan, Italy: Lap Lambert Academic Publication

[15] Bagbanci H, Karmakar D, Guedes Soares C. Guedes Soares C, Garbatov Y, Sutulo S, Santos TA. Review of offshore floating wind turbines concepts. Maritime Engineering and Technology, 2012, London, UK: Taylor & Francis Group, 553-562

[16] Calvário M, Gaspar JF, Kamarlouei M, Hallak TS, Guedes Soares C. Oil-hydraulic power take-off concept for an oscillating surge converter. Renew Energy, 2020, 159: 1297-1309

[17] Cao Q, Xiao L, Guo X, Liu M. Second-order responses of a conceptual semi-submersible 10 MW wind turbine using full quadratic transfer functions. Renew Energy, 2020, 152: 653-668

[18] Cao Q, Xiao L, Cheng Z, Liu M. Dynamic response of a 10 MW semi-submersible wind turbine at an intermediate water depth: A comprehensive numerical and experimental comparison. Ocean Eng, 2021, 232: 109138

[19] Cao F, Yu M, Liu B, Wei Z, Xue L, Han M, Shi H. Progress of combined wind and wave energy harvesting devices and related coupling simulation techniques. J Mar Sci Eng, 2023, 11(1): 212

[20] Cao F, Yu M, Han M, Liu B, Wei Z, Jiang J, Tian H, Shi H, Li Y. WECs microarray effect on the coupled dynamic response and power performance of a floating combined wind and wave energy system. Renew Energy, 2023, 219: 119476

[21] Castro-Santos L, Martins E, Guedes Soares C. Cost assessment methodology for combined wind and wave floating offshore renewable energy systems. Renew Energy, 2016, 97: 866-880

[22] Castro-Santos L, Martins E, Guedes Soares C. Economic comparison of technological alternatives to harness offshore wind and wave energies. Energy, 2017, 140: 1121-1130

[23] Celesti ML, Paduano B, Pena-Sánchez Y, Pasta E, Faedo N, Ringwood JV. On the behavior of a combined wind-wave energy conversion platform under energy-maximizing control conditions. OCEANS 2023 Limerick, 2023, 1-6

[24] Chaitanya Sai K, Patil AH, Karmakar D. Motion response analysis of floating wind turbine combined with wave energy converter. Proc APAC 2019 10th Int Conf Asian Pacific Coast 1099–1106, 2019

[25] Chakrabarti SK. Response of multiple structures including interaction. Proc VLFS 1999 3rd Int Workshop Very Large Float Struct, 1999, 795-804

[26] Chakrabarti SK. Hydrodynamic interaction forces on multi-moduled structures. Ocean Eng, 2000, 27: 1037-1063

[27] Chen M, Wang R, Xiao P, Zhu L, Li F, Sun L. Numerical analysis of a floating semi-submersible wind turbine integrated with a point absorber wave energy convertor. Proc ISOPE 2020 13th Int Ocean Polar Eng Conf, 2020, 300-307

[28] Chen M, Xiao P, Zhou H, Li CB, Zhang X. Fully coupled analysis of an integrated floating wind-wave power generation platform in operational sea-state. Front Energy Res, 2022, 10: 931057

[29] Chen M, Ding J, Yang Y, Zhou H, Tao T, Liu S, Sun L, Hua L. Performance analysis of a floating wind-wave power generation platform based on the frequency domain model. J Mar Sci Eng, 2024, 12: 206

[30] Chen Z, Yu J, Sun J, Tan M, Yang S, Ying Y, Qian P, Zhang D, Si Y. Load reduction of semi-submersible floating wind turbines by integrating heaving-type wave energy converters with bang-bang control. Front Energy Res, 2022, 10: 929307

[31] Cornett AM. A global wave energy resource assessment. Proc ISOPE 2008 18th Int Offshore Polar Eng Conf, 2008, 1-9

[32] CorPower Ocean CorPower Ocean announces new wave energy breakthrough, 2023 [Accessed 14 Apr 2024]

[33] Dankelmann S, Visser B, Gupta N, Serna J, Counago B, Urruchi A, Fernández C, Garcia RG, Jurado A. TELWIND-Integrated telescopic tower combined with an evolved spar floating substructure for low-cost deep water offshore wind and next generation of 10 MW+ wind turbines. Wind Europe 2016, 2016

[34] Davis NN, Badger J, Hahmann AN, Hansen BO, Mortensen NG, Kelly M, Larsén XG, Olsen BT, Floors R, Lizcano G, Casso P, Lacave O, Bosch A, Bauwens I, Knight OJ, van Loon AP, Fox R, Parvanyan T, Hansen SBK, Heathfield D, Onninen M, Drummond R. The global wind atlas: a high-resolution dataset of climatologies and associated web-based application. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2023, 104(8): E1507-E1525

[35] Díaz H, Guedes Soares C. Review of the current status, technology and future trends of offshore wind farms. Ocean Eng, 2020, 209: 107381

[36] Deng Z, Zhang B, Miao Y, Zhao B, Wang Q, Zhang K. Multi-objective optimal design of the wind-wave hybrid platform with the coupling interaction. J Ocean Univ China, 2023, 22: 1165-1180

[37] Dong X, Li Y, Li D, Cao F, Jiang X, Shi H. A state-of-the-art review of the hybrid wind-wave energy converter. Prog Energy, 2022, 4: 042004

[38] Edwards EC, Holcombe A, Brown S, Ransley E, Hann M, Greaves D. Trends in floating offshore wind platforms: A review of early-stage devices. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 2024, 193: 114271

[39] ESMAP–Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (2023) Global Wind Atlas version 3.3. Available online. https://www.esmap.org/esmap_offshore-wind [Accessed 14 Apr 2024]

[40] Falcão AFO, Sarmento AJNA, Gato LMC, Brito-Melo A. The Pico OWC wave power plant: Its lifetime from conception to closure 1986–2018. Appl Ocean Res, 2020, 98: 102104

[41] Fenu B, Attanasio V, Casalone P, Novo R, Cervelli G, Bonfanti M, Sirigu SA, Bracco G, Mattiazzo G. Analysis of a gyroscopic-stabilized floating offshore hybrid wind-wave platform. J Mar Sci Eng, 2020, 8: 439

[42] Fenu B, Bonfanti M, Bardazzi A, Pilloton C, Lucarelli A, Mattiazzo G. Experimental investigation of a Multi-OWC wind turbine floating platform. Ocean Eng, 2023, 281: 114619

[43] Frandsen JB, Doblaré M, Rodríguez P, Reyes M. Technical assessment of the Pelamis Wave Energy Converter concept, 2012 AR_PEL_TA_rep_v1. Abengoa Seapower

[44] Gaertner E, . Definition of the IEA 15-Megawatt offshore reference wind, 2020 Accessed 10 Jan 2024]

[45] Galván J, Sánchez-Lara MJ, Mendikoa I, Pérez-Morán G, Nava V, Rodríguez-Arias R. NAUTILUS-DTU10 MW Floating Offshore Wind Turbine at Gulf of Maine: Public numerical models of an actively ballasted semisubmersible. J Phys, 2018, 1102: 012015

[46] Gao Q, Bechlenberg A, Jayawardhana B, Ertugrul N, Vakis AI, Ding B. Techno-economic assessment of offshore wind and hybrid wind-wave farms with energy storage systems. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 2024, 192: 114263

[47] Gaspar JF, Hallak TS, Guedes Soares C. Guedes Soares C. Semi-submersible platform concept for a concentric array of wave energy converters. Advances in Renewable Energies Offshore, 2019, London: Taylor & Francis Group, 307-314

[48] Gaspar JF, Guedes Soares C. Variable geometry Wave Energy Conversion system for floating platforms, 2020

[49] Gaspar JF, Kamarlouei M, Thiebaut F, Guedes Soares C. Compensation of a hybrid platform dynamics using wave energy converters in different sea state conditions. Renew Energy, 2021, 177: 871-883

[50] Ghafari HR, Ghassemi H, Neisi A. Numerical study of the Wavestar wave energy converter with multi-point-absorber around DeepCWind semisubmersible floating platform. Ocean Eng, 2021, 232: 109177

[51] Ghafari HR, Ghassemi H, Neisi A. Power matrix and dynamic response of the hybrid Wavestar-DeepCWind platform under different diameters and regular wave conditions. Ocean Eng, 2022, 247: 110734

[52] Ghigo A, Cottura L, Caradonna R, Bracco G, Mattiazzo G. Platform optimization and cost analysis in a floating offshore wind farm. J Mar Sci Eng, 2020, 8(11): 835

[53] Guedes Soares C, Bhattacharjee J, Karmakar D. Overview and prospects for development of wave and offshore wind energy. Brodogradnja, 2014, 65(2): 87-109

[54] Guedes Soares C, Bhattacharjee J, Tello M, Pietra L. Guedes Soares C, Garbatov Y, Sutulo S, Santos TA. Review and classification of Wave Energy Converters. Maritime Engineering and Technology, 2012, London, UK: Taylor & Francis Group, 585-594

[55] GWEC–Global Wind Energy Council Global Wind Report, 2024

[56] Hallak TS, Gaspar JF, Kamarlouei M, Calvário M, Mendes MJGC, Thiebaut F, Guedes Soares C. Numerical and experimental analysis of a hybrid wind-wave offshore floating platform’s hull. Proc ASME 2018 37th Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2018-78744, 2018

[57] Hallak TS, Karmakar D, Guedes Soares C. Guedes Soares C. Hydrodynamic performance of semi-submersible FOWT combined with pointabsorber WECs. Maritime Technology and Engineering 5 Volume 2, 2021, London: Taylor & Francis Group, 577-585

[58] Hallak TS, Guedes Soares C, Sainz O, Hernandez S, Arévalo A. Guedes S. Time domain analysis of the WIND-bos spar in regular waves. Trends in Renewable Energies Offshore, 2022, London, UK: Taylor & Francis Group, 559-566

[59] Hallak TS, Guedes Soares C, Sainz O, Hernández S, Arévalo A. Hydrodynamic analysis of the WIND-bos spar floating offshore wind turbine. J Mar Sci Eng, 2022, 10(12): 1824

[60] Hallak TS, Gaspar JF, Guedes Soares C. Dynamic simulation of wave point absorbers connected to a central floating platform. Proc EWTEC 2023 15th European Wave Tidal Energy Conf, 2023, 15: 496

[61] Henderson AR, Bulder B, Huijsmans R, Peeringa J, Pierik J, Snijders E, van Hees M, Wijnants GH, Wolf MJ. Feasibility study of floating windfarms in shallow offshore sites. Wind Eng, 2003, 27(5): 405-418

[62] Hmedi M, Uzunoglu E, Medina-Manuel A, Mas-Soler J, Vittori F, Pires O, Azcona J, Souto-Iglesias A, Guedes Soares C. Experimental analysis of CENTEC-TLP self-stable platform with a 10 MW turbine. J Mar Sci Eng, 2022, 10(12): 1910

[63] Homayoun E, Panahi S, Ghassemi H, He G, Liu P. Power absorption of combined wind turbine and wave energy converter mounted on braceless floating platform. Ocean Eng, 2022, 266: 113027

[64] Hsu IJ, Ivanov G, Ma KT, Huang ZZ, Wu HT, Huang YT, Chou M. Optimization of semi-submersible hull design for floating offshore wind turbines. Proc ASME 2022 41st Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2022-86751, 2022

[65] Hu J, Zhou B, Vogel C, Liu P, Wilden R, Sun K, Zang J, Geng J, Jin P, Cui L, Jiang B, Collu M. Optimal design and performance analysis of a hybrid system combining a floating wind platform and wave energy converters. Appl Energy, 2020, 269: 114998

[66] International Renewable Energy Agency Levelized Cost of Energy by Technology. Our World in Data, 2023 [Accessed 29 Dec 2023]

[67] Jin P, Zheng Z, Zhou Z, Zhou B, Wang L, Yang Y, Liu Y. Optimization and evaluation of a semi-submersible wind turbine and oscillating body wave energy converters hybrid system. Energy, 2023, 282: 128889

[68] Jonkman JM. Dynamics modeling and loads analysis of an offshore floating wind turbine, 2007 Accessed 10 Jan 2024]

[69] Jonkman JM, Buhl ML. FAST User’s Guide, 2004 [Accessed 17 Apr 2024]

[70] Jonkman JM, Buhl ML. Development and verification of a fully coupled simulator for offshore wind turbines, 2007 Accessed 14 Apr 2024]

[71] Kamarlouei M, Gaspar JF, Calvário M, Hallak TS, Guedes Soares C, Mendes MJGC, Thiebaut F. Guedes Soares C. Prototyping and wave tank testing of a floating platform with point absorbers. Advances in Renewable Energies Offshore, 2019, London: Taylor & Francis Group, 421-428

[72] Kamarlouei M, Gaspar JF, Hallak TS, Guedes Soares C. Guedes Soares C. Survivability analysis of the mooring system of a combined wind and wave harvesting concept. Developments in Renewable Energies Offshore, 2020, London: Taylor & Francis Group, 282-290

[73] Kamarlouei M, Gaspar JF, Calvário M, Hallak TS, Mendes MJGC, Thiebaut F, Guedes Soares C. Experimental analysis of wave energy converters concentrically attached on a floating offshore platform. Renew Energy, 2020, 152: 1171-1185

[74] Kamarlouei M, Hallak TS, Gaspar JF, Calvario M, Guedes Soares C. Torus-shaped wave energy converter attached to a hinged arm. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 2023, 146: 012003

[75] Kamarlouei M, Hallak TS, Gaspar JF, Guedes Soares C. Evaluation of the stiffness mechanism on the performance of a hinged wave energy converter. J Offshore Mech Arct Eng, 2022, 144(5): 052002

[76] Kamarlouei M, Gaspar JF, Calvário M, Hallak TS, Mendes MJGC, Thiebaut F, Guedes Soares C. Experimental study of wave energy converter arrays adapted to a semi-submersible wind platform. Renew Energy, 2022, 188: 145-163

[77] Kardakaris K, Boufidi I, Soukissian T. Offshore wind and wave energy complementarity in the Greek Seas based on ERA5 data. Atmosphere, 2021, 12: 1360

[78] Karimirad M, Koushan K. WindWEC: Combining wind and wave energy inspired by Hywind and Wavestar. IEEE 2016 5th Int Conf Renew Energy Res Appl (ICRERA), 2016, 96-101

[79] Karimirad M, Bachynski EE, Berthelsen PA, Ormberg H. Comparison of real-time hybrid model testing of a braceless semi-submersible wind turbine and numerical simulations. Proc ASME 2017 36th Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2017-61121, 2017

[80] Karmakar D, Guedes Soares C. Guedes Soares C. Review of the present concepts of multi-use offshore platforms. Renewable Energies Offshore, 2015, London: Taylor & Francis Group, 867-875

[81] Kim NH, Cao TNT. Wave force analysis of the two vertical cylinders by boundary element method. J Civil Eng, 2008, 12(6): 359-366

[82] Le C, Li Y, Ding H. Study on the coupled dynamic responses of a submerged floating wind turbine under different mooring conditions. Energies, 2019, 12: 418

[83] Legaz MJ, Coronil D, Mayorga P, Fernandez J. Study of a hybrid renewable energy platform: W2Power. Proc ASME 2018 37th Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng, OMAE2018-77690, 2018

[84] Li L, Gao Y, Yuan Z, Day S, Hu Z. Dynamic response and power production of a floating integrated wind, wave and tidal energy system. Renew Energy, 2018, 116: 412-422

[85] Li Y, Yan S, Shi H, Ma Q, Li D, Cao F. Hydrodynamic analysis of a novel multi-body wind-wave energy system. Renew Energy, 2023, 219: 119477

[86] Lin Y, Fei P. Experimental study on hydrodynamic response of semisubmersible platform-based bottom-hinged flap wave energy converter. Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ (Sci), 2022, 27(3): 307-315

[87] Luan C, Gao Z, Moan T. Design and analysis of a braceless steel 5-MW semi-submersible wind turbine. Proc ASME 2016 35th Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2016-54848, 2016

[88] Lucas J, Livingstone M, Vuorinen M, Cruz J. Development of a wave energy converter (WEC) design tool–application to the WaveRoller WEC including validation of numerical estimates. Proc 4th Int Conf Ocean Energy, 2012, 1-6

[89] Maritime Journal (2024) Portugal enters the offshore race. Maritime Journal-Commercial Marine Business. https://www.maritimejournal.com/environment/portugal-enters-the-offshore-race/1489970.article [Accessed 4 Jan 2024]

[90] Marquis L, Kramer M, Frigaard P. First power production results from the Wave Star Roshage wave energy converter. Proc ICOE 2010 3rd Int Conf Ocean Energy, 2010 [Accessed 19 Jan 2024]

[91] Mavrakos SA. Hydrodynamic coefficients for groups of interacting vertical axisymmetric bodies. Ocean Eng, 1991, 18(5): 485-515

[92] Mavrakos SA, McIver P. Comparison of methods for computing hydrodynamic characteristics of arrays of wave power devices. Appl Ocean Res, 1997, 19: 283-291

[93] Mavrakos SA, Kalofonos A. Power absorption by arrays of interacting vertical axisymmetric wave-energy devices. J Offshore Mech Arct Eng, 1997, 146(2): 244-251

[94] Mattiazzo G. State of the art and perspectives of wave energy in the Mediterranean Sea: Backstage of ISWEC. Front Energy Res, 2019, 7: 114

[95] McTiernan KL, Sharman KT. Review of hybrid wind and wave energy systems. J Phys Conf Series, 2020, 1452: 012016

[96] Mei X, Xiong M. Effects of second-order hydrodynamics on the dynamic responses and fatigue damage of a 15 MW floating offshore wind turbine. J Mar Sci Eng, 2021, 9(11): 1232

[97] Michailides C, Luan C, Gao Z, Moan T. Effect of flap type wave energy converters on the response of a semi-submersible wind turbine in operational conditions. Proc ASME 2014 33rd Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2014-24065, 2014

[98] Michailides C, Gao Z, Moan T. Experimental study of the functionality of a semisubmersible wind turbine combined with flap-type wave energy converters. Renew Energy, 2016, 93: 685-690

[99] Muliawan MJ, Gao Z, Moan T, Babarit A. Analysis of a two-body floating wave energy converter with the particular focus on the effects of power take-off and mooring systems on energy capture. Proc ASME 2011 30th Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2011-49135, 2011

[100] Muliawan MJ, Karimirad M, Moan T, Gao Z. STC (Spar-Torus Combination): A combined spar-type floating wind turbine and large point absorber floating wave energy converter–promising and challenging. Proc ASME 2012 31st Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2012-84272, 2012

[101] Muliawan MJ, Karimirad M, Moan T. Dynamic response and power performance of a combined spar-type floating wind turbine and coaxial floating wave energy converter. Renew Energy, 2013, 50: 47-57

[102] Muliawan MJ, Karimirad M, Gao Z, Moan T. Extreme responses of a combined spar-type floating wind turbine and floating wave energy converter (STC) system with survival modes. Ocean Eng, 2013, 65: 71-82

[103] M’zoughi F, Aboutalebi P, Garrido I, Garrido AJ, de la Sem M. Complementary airflow control of oscillating water columns for floating offshore wind turbine stabilization. Mathematics, 2021, 9: 1364

[104] M’zoughi F, Garrido I, Garrido AJ, de la Sem M (2023) Fuzzy airflow-based active structural control of integrated oscillating water columns for the enhancement of floating offshore wind turbine stabilization. Int J Energy Res 4938451. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4938451

[105] Neisi A, Ghafari HM, Ghassemi H, Moan T, He G. Power extraction and dynamic response of hybrid semi-submersible yaw-drive flap combination (SYFC). Renew Energy, 2023, 218: 119315

[106] Nepomuceno E. Simultaneous stabilization and wave energy harvesting for a floating offshore wind/wave platform, 2024

[107] Newman Wave effects on multiple bodies. Hydrodyn Ship Ocean Eng, 2001, 3: 3-26

[108] Olondriz J, Elorza I, Jugo J, Alonso-Quesada S, Pujana-Arrese A. An advanced control technique for floating offshore wind turbines based on more compact barge platforms. Energies, 2018, 11: 1187

[109] Onea F, Rusu E. An evaluation of marine renewable energy resources complementarity in the Portuguese nearshore. J Mar Sci Eng, 2022, 10(12): 1901

[110] Pérez-Collazo C, Greaves D, Iglesias G. A review of combined wave and offshore wind energy. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 2015, 42: 141-153

[111] Pérez-Collazo C, Greaves D, Iglesias G. A novel hybrid wind-wave energy converter for jacket-frame substructures. Energies, 2018, 11: 637

[112] Petracca E, Faraggiana E, Ghigo A, Sirigu M, Bracco G, Mattiazzo G. Design and techno-economic analysis of a novel hybrid offshore wind and wave energy system. Energies, 2022, 15: 2739

[113] Ren N, Gao Z, Moan T, Wan L. Long-term performance estimation of the Spar-Torus-Combination (STC) system with different survival modes. Ocean Eng, 2015, 108: 716-728

[114] Ren Y, Venugopal V, Shi W. Dynamic analysis of a multi-column TLP floating offshore wind turbine with tendon failure scenarios. Ocean Eng, 2022, 245: 110472

[115] Robertson A, Jonkman JM, Masciola M, Song H, Goupee A, Coulling A, Luan C. Definition of the semisubmersible floating system for Phase II of OC4, 2014 Accessed 10 Jan 2024]

[116] Robertson AN, Jonkman J, Vorpahl F, Popko W, Qvist J, Frøyd L, Chen X, Azcona J, Uzungoglu E, Guedes Soares C, Luan C, Yutong H, Pengcheng F, Yde A, Larsen T, Nichols J, Buils R, Lei L, Nygard TA, Manolas D, Heege A, Vatne SR, Ormberg H, Duarte T, Godreau C, Hansen HF, Nielsen AW, Riber H, Cunff CL, Abele R, Beyer F, Yamaguchi A, Jung KJ, Shin H, Shi W, Park H, Alves M, Guérinel M. Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation within IEA wind task 30: Phase II Results regarding a floating semisubmersible wind system. Proc. ASME 2014 33rd Int. Conf. Ocean Offshore Arct. Eng., 2014 Jun 2014

[117] Robertson AN, Wendt F, Jonkman JM, Popko W, Dagher H, Gueydon S, Qvist J, Vittori F, Azcona J, Uzunoglu E, Guedes Soares C, Harries R, Yde A, Galinos C, Hermans K, de Vaal JB, Bozonnet P, Buoy L, Bayati I, Bergua R, Galvan J, Mendikoa I, Sanchez CB, Shin H, Oh S, Molins C, Debruyne Y. OC5 Project Phase II Validation of Global Loads of the DeepCwind Floating Semisubmersible Wind Turbine. Energy Procedia., 2017, 137: 38-57

[118] Roddier D, Cermelli C, Aubault A, Peiffer A. Summary and conclusions of the full life-cycle of the WindFloat FOWT Prototype Project. Proc ASME 2017 36th Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2017-62561, 2017

[119] Rony JS, Chaitanya Sai K, Karmakar D. Numerical investigation of offshore wind turbine combined with wave energy converter. Mar Syst Ocean Tech, 2023, 18: 14-44

[120] Saeidtehrani S, Ferradosa TF, Rosa-Santos P, Taveira-Pinto F. Review on floating wave-wind energy converter plants: Nonlinear dynamic assessment tools. Sust Energy Tech Assess, 2022, 54: 102753

[121] Said HA, Costello SP, Ringwood JV. On the complementarity of wave, tidal, wind and solar resources in Ireland. Proc EWTEC 2023 15th European Wave Tidal Energy Conf, 2023, 15: 340

[122] Salvação N, Bentamy A, Guedes Soares C. Developing a new wind dataset by blending satellite data and WRF model wind predictions. Renewable Energy, 2022, 198: 283-295

[123] Santiago I, Liria P, Garnier R, Bald J, Leitão JC, Ribeiro J. Deliverable 3.3 Marine Dynamics Modelling. EMFF-2019-1.2.1.1–Environmental monitoring of ocean energy devices, 2023

[124] Sebastian B, Karmakar D, Rao M (2024) Coupled dynamic analysis of semi-submersible floating wind turbine integrated with oscillating water column WEC. J Ocean Eng Mar Energy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-023-00313-x

[125] Sergiienko NY, da Silva LSP, Bachynski-Polic EE, Cazzolato BS, Arjomandi M, Ding B. Review of the scaling laws applied to floating offshore wind turbines. Renew Sust Energy Rev, 2022, 162: 112477

[126] Shi W, Li J, Michailides C, Chen M, Wang S, Li X. Dynamic load effects and power performance of an integrated wind-wave energy system utilizing an optimum torus wave energy converter. J Mar Sci Eng, 2022, 10(12): 1985

[127] Si Y, Chen Z, Zeng W, Sun J, Zhang D, Ma X, Qian P. The influence of power take-off control on the dynamic response and power output of combined semi-submersible floating wind turbine and point-absorber wave energy converters. Ocean Eng, 2021, 227: 108835

[128] Silva D, Martinho P, Guedes Soares C. Wave energy distribution along the Portuguese continental coast based on a thirty three years hindcast. Renewable Energy, 2018, 127(4): 1067-1075

[129] Silva HJSL. Techno-economic assessment of 20MW floating wind turbines, 2019 [Accessed 10 Jan 2024]

[130] da Silva LSP, Sergiienko NY, Cazzolato B, Ding B. Dynamics of hybrid offshore Renewable Energy platforms: Heaving point absorbers connected to a semi-submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine. Renew Energy, 2022, 199: 1424-1439

[131] Silva de Souza CE, Berthelsen PA, Eliassen L, Bachynski EE, Engebretsen E, Haslum H. Definition of the INO WINDMOOR 12 MW case base floating wind turbine, 2021

[132] Simos AN, do Carmo LHS, Camargo EC. On the use of the white-noise approximation for modelling the slow-drifts of a FOWT: An example using FAST. Proc ASME 2018 37th Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2018-77222, 2018

[133] Skaare B. Development of the Hywind concept. Proc ASME 2017 36th Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2017-62710, 2017

[134] Skene DM, Sergiienko N, Ding B, Cazzolato B. The prospect of combining a point absorber wave energy converter with a floating offshore wind turbine. Energies, 2021, 14: 7385

[135] Soulard T, Babarit A. Numerical assessment of the mean power production of a combined wind and wave energy platform. Proc ASME 2012 31st Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2012-83606, 2012

[136] Soulard T, Babarit A, Borgarino B. Preliminary assessment of a semi-submersible floating wind turbine combined with pitching wave energy converters. Proc EWTEC 2013 10th European Wave Tidal Energy Conf 10, 2013

[137] Soulard T, Babarit A, Borgarino B, Wyns M, Harismendy M. C-HyP: A combined wave and wind energy platform with balanced contributions. Proc ASME 2013 32nd Int Conf Ocean Offshore Arct Eng OMAE2013-10778, 2013

[138] Stansby P, Li G (2024) A wind semi-sub platform with hinged floats for omnidirectional swell wave energy conversion. J Ocean Eng Mar Energy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-024-00321-5

[139] Teixeira-Duarte F, Ramos V, Rosa-Santos P, Taveira-Pinto F. Multi-objective decision tool for the assessment of co-located wave-wind offshore floating energy parks. Ocean Eng, 2024, 292: 116449

[140] Tian W, Wang Y, Shi W, Michailides C, Wan L, Chen M. Numerical study of hydrodynamic responses for a combined concept of semisubmersible wind turbine and different layouts of wave energy converter. Ocean Eng, 2023, 272: 113824

[141] Tong KC. Technical and economic aspects of a floating offshore wind farm. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 1998, 74: 399-410

[142] United Nations Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997 2303 U.N.T. S. 162, 10 Dec 1997

[143] United Nations Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015 T.I.A.S. No. 16–1104, 12 Dec 2015

[144] Uzunoglu E, Guedes Soares C. On the model uncertainty of wave induced platform motions and mooring loads of a semisubmersible based wind turbine. Ocean Eng, 2018, 148: 277-285

[145] Uzunoglu E, Guedes Soares C. Hydrodynamic design of a free-float capable tension leg platform for a 10 MW wind turbine. Ocean Eng, 2020, 197: 106888

[146] Uzunoglu E, Karmakar D, Guedes Soares C. Castro-Santos L, Diaz-Casas V. Floating offshore wind platforms. Floating Offshore Wind Farms, 2016, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 53-76

[147] Vázquez R, Cabos W, Nieto-Borge JC, Gutiérrez C. Complementarity of offshore energy resources on the Spanish coasts: Wind, wave, and photovoltaic energy. Renew Energy, 2024, 224: 120213

[148] Viselli AM, Goupee AJ, Dagher HJ, Allen CK. Design and model confirmation of the intermediate scale VolturnUS floating wind turbine subjected to its extreme design conditions offshore Maine. Wind Energy, 2016, 19(6): 1161-1177

[149] Wan L, Gao Z, Moan T. Experimental and numerical study of hydrodynamic responses of a combined wind and wave energy converter concept in survival modes. Coast Eng, 2015, 104: 151-169

[150] Wan L, Gao Z, Moan T, Lugni C. Experimental and numerical comparisons of hydrodynamic response for a combined wind and wave energy converter concept under operational conditions. Renew Energy, 2016, 93: 87-100

[151] Wan L, Gao Z, Moan T, Lugni C. Comparative experimental study of the survivability of a combined wind and wave energy converter in two testing facilities. Ocean Eng, 2016, 111: 82-94

[152] Wang Y, Huang S, Xue G, Liu Y. Influence of hydraulic PTO parameters on power capture and motion response of a floating wind-wave hybrid system. J Mar Sci Eng, 2022, 10(11): 1160

[153] Weinstein A, Roddier D, Banister K. WindWaveFloat (WWF): Final Scientific Report, 2012

[154] Wiley W, Bergua R, Robertson A, Jonkman JM, Wang L, Borg M, Fowler M. Definition of the Stiesdal offshore TetraSpar floating wind system for OC6 Phase IV, 2023 Accessed 10 Jan 2024]

[155] Wright C, Pakrashi V, Murphy J. Numerical modelling of a combined tension moored wind and wave energy convertor system. Proc EWTEC 2017 12th European Wave Tidal Energy Conf, 2017, 12: 1009

[156] Wu H, Zhu F, Yuan Z. Effects of the WEC shape on the performance of a novel hybrid WEC-FOWT system. Energy, 2024, 288: 129907

[157] Yang RY, Wang CW, Huang CC, Chung CH, Chen CP, Huang CJ. The 1:20 scaled hydraulic model test and field experiment of barge-type floating offshore wind turbine system. Ocean Eng, 2022, 247: 110486

[158] Yang Y, Bashir M, Michailides C, Li C, Wang J. Development and application of an aero-hydro-servo-elastic coupling framework for analysis of floating offshore wind turbines. Renew Energy, 2020, 161: 606-625

[159] Yazdi H, Ghafari HR, Ghassemi H, He G, Karimirad M. Wave power extraction by Multi-Salter’s duck WECs arrayed on the floating offshore wind turbine platform. Energy, 2023, 278: 127930

[160] Yde A, Bellew SB, Clausen RS, Nielsen AW. Experimental and theoretical analysis of a combined floating wave and wind energy conversion platform, 2014

[161] Yu Z, Ma Q, Zheng X, Liao K, Sun H, Khayyer A. A hybrid numerical model for simulating aero-elastic-hydro-mooring-wake dynamic responses of floating offshore wind turbine. Ocean Eng, 2023, 268: 113050

[162] Zhang D, . A coupled numerical framework for hybrid floating offshore wind turbines and oscillating water column wave energy converters. Energy Conv Manager, 2022, 267: 115933

[163] Zhang H, Wang T, Xu C, Shi H, Guedes Soares C. Analysis on the split absorber integrated with taut-moored floating turbine. Phys Fluids, 2023, 35: 087110

[164] Zhang X, Li B, Hu Z, Deng J, Xiao P, Chen M. Research on size optimization of wave energy converters based on a floating wind-wave combined power generation platform. Energies, 2022, 15: 8681

[165] Zhang Y, Zhang D, Jiang H. A review of offshore wind and wave installations in some areas with an eye towards generating economic benefits and offering commercial inspiration. Sustainability, 2023, 15: 8429

[166] Zhang Z, Bu Y, Wu H, Wu L, Cui L. Parametric study of the effects of clump weights on the performance of a novel wind-wave hybrid system. Renew Energy, 2023, 219: 119464

[167] Zhang Z, Chen X, Wu H, Liu W, Cui L. Numerical study of a novel hybrid system with the Wavestar wave energy converter array and a SPIC semi-submersible floating platform. J Clean Prod, 2023, 407: 137178

[168] Zhang Z, Guan L, Wu H, Wu L, Liu W, Cui L (2024) Effects of second-order hydrodynamics on the dynamic behavior of the platform among the wind-wave hybrid systems. J Eng Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2024.04.003

[169] Zhao C, Thies PR, Ye Q, Lars J. System integration and coupled effects of an OWT/WEC device. Ocean Eng, 2021, 220: 108405

[170] Zhou B, Hu J, Jin P, Sun K, Li Y, Ning D. Power performance and motion response of a floating wind platform and multiple heaving wave energy converters hybrid system. Energy, 2023, 265: 126314

[171] Zhou B, Zheng Z, Hu J, Lin C, Jin P, Wang L, Liu Y. Annual performance and dynamic characteristics of a hybrid wind-wave floating energy system at a localized site in the North Sea. Ocean Eng, 2023, 280: 114872

[172] Zhu H, Hu C. A study on control of wave energy converter for motion suppression of semisubmersible. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 2016, 49(23): 380-385

[173] Zhu H. Optimal semi-active control for a hybrid wind-wave energy system on motion reduction. IEEE Transactions on Sust Energy, 2022, 14(1): 75-82

[174] Zhu K, Shi H, Zheng S, Michele S, Cao F. Hydrodynamic analysis of hybrid system with wind turbine and wave energy converter. Appl Energy, 2023, 350: 121745

[175] Zuo Y, Chen S, Yang K, Guo B. On the correlation and complementarity assessment of ocean wind, solar and wave energy resources. RPG 2023 12^th Int Conf Renew Power Gen, 2023, 2499