The Potential of Inedible Biodiesel as an Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Alternative Fuel for Marine Diesel Engines in India

Abstract

This article explores the possibilities of inedible biodiesel as a viable and environmentally friendly substitute fuel for marine diesel engines in India. This article encompasses on various crucial elements, including engine compatibility, biodiesel blends, fuel quality, emissions reduction, regulatory compliance, cost analysis, environmental advantages, and research and development. Implementing biodiesel in maritime operations within India presents favourable opportunities for mitigating carbon emissions, improving air quality, bolstering energy security, promoting sustainable agriculture, and harmonizing with international environmental objectives. Nevertheless, the effective incorporation of biodiesel necessitates a meticulous examination of multiple variables and an all-encompassing methodology that involves formulating policies, investment in infrastructure, research and development, and collaboration among relevant parties. Adopting biodiesel in India’s maritime sector offers a promising prospect for substantially contributing to sustainability and environmental stewardship.

Keywords

Biodiesel / Marine diesel engines / Engine compatibility / Emissions reduction / Regulatory compliance / Energy security / Sustainability / Environmental stewardship

References

[1] Acciaro M, Renken K, El Khadiri N (2020) Technological change and logistics development in European ports. European Port Cities in Transition: Moving Towards More Sustainable Sea Transport Hubs, 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36464-9_5

[2] Aguilar-Rivera N, Michel-Cuello C, Cervantes-Niño JJ, Gómez-Merino FC, Olvera-Vargas LA (2021) Effects of public policies on the sustainability of the biofuels value chain. In Sustainable Biofuels (pp. 345–379). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820297-5.00004-9

[3] Akkoli KM, Banapurmath NR, Shivashimpi MM, Soudagar MEM, Badruddin IA, Alazwari MA, Yaliwal VS, Mujtaba MA, Akram N, Goodarzi M, Safaei MR, Venu H. Effect of injection parameters and producer gas derived from redgram stalk on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2021, 60(3): 3133-3142

[4] Akram F, ul Haq I, Raja SI, Mir AS, Qureshi SS, Aqeel A, Shah FI (2022) Current trends in biodiesel production technologies and future progressions: A possible displacement of the petro-diesel. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133479

[5] Alamoush AS, Ballini F, Dalaklis D. Port sustainable supply chain management framework: Contributing to the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Maritime Technology and Research, 2021, 3(2): 137-161

[6] Ampah JD, Yusuf AA, Afrane S, Jin C, Liu H. Reviewing two decades of cleaner alternative marine fuels: Towards IMO’s decarbonization of the maritime transport sector. Journal of Cleanerproduction, 2021, 320: 128871

[7] Awad OI, Ma X, Kamil M, Ali OM, Ma Y, Shuai S. Overview of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether additive as an eco-friendly fuel for an internal combustion engine: Current application and environmental impacts. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 715: 136849

[8] Awogbemi O, Kallon DVV, Onuh EI, Aigbodion VS. An overview of the classification, production and utilization of biofuels for internal combustion engine applications. Energies, 2021, 14(18): 5687

[9] Bach H, Mäkitie T, Hansen T, Steen M. Blending new and old in sustainability transitions: Technological alignment between fossil fuels and biofuels in Norwegian coastal shipping. Energy Research & Social Science, 2021, 74: 101957

[10] Bakır H, Ağbulut, Gürel AE, Yıldız G, Güvenç U, Soudagar MEM, Hoang AT, Deepanraj B, Saini G, Afzal A. Forecasting of future greenhouse gas emission trajectory for India using energy and economic indexes with various metaheuristic algorithms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 360: 131946

[11] Boopathy AB, Jayakumar T, Chinnasamy S, Rajaram MG, Mohan N, Nagaraj S, Chang CC. Biomass and lipid production potential of an Indian marine algal isolate Tetraselmis striata BBRR1. Energies, 2020, 13(2): 341

[12] Bouman EA, Lindstad E, Rialland AI, Strømman AH. State-of-the-art technologies, measures, and potential for reducing GHG emissions from shipping–A review. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2017, 52: 408-421

[13] Chountalas TD, Founti M, Tsalavoutas I. Evaluation of biofuel effect on performance & emissions of a 2-stroke marine diesel engine using on-board measurements. Energy, 2023, 278: 127845

[14] Christodoulou A, Dalaklis D, Ölcer A, Ballini F. Can market-based measures stimulate investments in green technologies for the abatement of GHG emissions from shipping? A review of proposed market-based measures. Transactions on Maritime Science, 2021, 10(01): 208-215

[15] Devarajan Y, Munuswamy D, Nagappan B, Choubey G. Study on the effect on combining long-chain additive with neat biodiesel fueled engine to examine its ignition characteristics. Fuel, 2020, 279: 118400

[16] Devarajan Y, Nagappan B, Choubey G, Vellaiyan S, Mehar K. Renewable pathway and twin fueling approach on ignition analysis of a dual-fuelled compression ignition engine. Energy & Fuels, 2021, 35(12): 9930-9936

[17] Dyatlov SA, Didenko NI, Ivanova EA, Soshneva EB, Kulik SV. Prospects for alternative energy sources in global energy sector. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020, 434(1): 012014

[18] Fenton P (2020) Port-city redevelopment and sustainable development. European Port Cities in Transition: Moving Towards More Sustainable Sea Transport Hubs, 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/

[19] Fragkos P. Decarbonizing the international shipping and aviation sectors. Energies, 2022, 15(24): 9650

[20] Gössling S, Meyer-Habighorst C, Humpe A. A global review of marine air pollution policies, their scope and effectiveness. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2021, 212: 105824

[21] Gray N, McDonagh S, O’Shea R, Smyth B, Murphy JD. Decarbonising ships, planes and trucks: An analysis of suitable low-carbon fuels for the maritime, aviation and haulage sectors. Advances in Applied Energy, 2021, 1: 100008

[22] Gülüm M. Effects of compression ratio, blending ratio and engine speed on fuel cost, performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with bio-derived alternative fuels. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2022, 53: 102464

[23] Gupta S, Kar SK, Harichandan S. India’s emerging fuel mix for 2050: actions and strategies to decarbonize the transport sector. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 2022, 16: 924-945

[24] Harahap F, Nurdiawati A, Conti D, Leduc S, Urban F (2023) Renewable marine fuel production for decarbonised maritime shipping: Pathways, policy measures and transition dynamics. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137906

[25] Hoang AT, Foley AM, Nižetić S, Huang Z, Ong HC, Ölçer AI, Nguyen XP. Energy-related approach for reduction of CO2 emissions: A critical strategy on the port-to-ship pathway. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 355: 131772

[26] Hoang AT, Pham VV. A Review on Fuels Used for Marine Diesel Engines. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments, 2018, 41(4): 22-32

[27] Kaniapan S, Hassan S, Ya H, Patma Nesan K, Azeem M. The utilisation of palm oil and oil palm residues and the related challenges as a sustainable alternative in biofuel, bioenergy, and transportation sector: A review. Sustainability, 2021, 13(6): 3110

[28] Khan N, Sudhakar K, Mamat R. Role of biofuels in energy transition, green economy and carbon neutrality. Sustainability, 2021, 13(22): 12374

[29] Khan H, Soudagar MEM, Kumar RH, Safaei MR, Farooq M, Khidmatgar A, Banapurmath NR, Farade RA, Abbas MM, Afzal A, Ahmed W, Goodarzi M, Taqui SN. Effect of nano-graphene oxide and n-butanol fuel additives blended with diesel-nigella sativa biodiesel fuel emulsion on diesel engine characteristics. Symmetry, 2020, 12(6): 961

[30] Kothari R, Vashishtha A, Singh HM, Pathak VV, Tyagi VV, Yadav BC, Singh DP. Assessment of Indian bioenergy policy for sustainable environment and its impact for rural India: Strategic implementation and challenges. Environmental technology & innovation, 2020, 20: 101078

[31] Kouzelis K, Frouws K, van H. Maritime fuels of the future: what is the impact of alternative fuels on the optimal economic speed of large container vessels. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 2022, 7(1): 1-29

[32] Kumar S, Sharma P, Pal K. Application of machine learning approach in internal combustion engine: A comprehensive review, 2022, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 165-178

[33] Langerak L (2023) Fuel Transition for Gas Turbines In a Changing European Energy Landscape. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-213749

[34] Laskar II, Giang A. Policy approaches to mitigate in-use methane emissions from natural gas use as a marine fuel. Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability, 2023, 3(2): 025005

[35] Madey V. Assessment of the efficiency of biofuel use in the operation of marine diesel engines. Technology audit and production reserves, 2022, 2(1/64): 34-41

[36] Masera K, Hossain AK. Biofuels and thermal barrier: A review on compression ignition engine performance, combustion and exhaust gas emission. Journal of the Energy Institute, 2019, 92(3): 783-801

[37] Masera K, Hossain AK (2023) Advancement of biodiesel fuel quality and NOx emission control techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113235

[38] Mujtaba MA, Kalam MA, Masjuki HH, Gul M, Soudagar MEM, Ong HC, Ahmed W, Atabani AE, Razzaq L, Yusoff M. Comparative study of nanoparticles and alcoholic fuel additives-biodiesel-diesel blend for performance and emission improvements. Fuel, 2020, 279: 118434

[39] Narwane VS, Yadav VS, Raut RD, Narkhede BE, Gardas BB. Sustainable development challenges of the biofuel industry in India based on integrated MCDM approach. Renewable Energy, 2021, 164: 298-309

[40] Noor CWM, Mamat R, Ismail MY, Nurdiyana W, Alif S. Performance and Emission Control of Using Steam Injection on Medium-Speed Marine Diesel Engine Running with Biodiesel Fuel. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 2021, 84(2): 10-23

[41] Nunes LJ (2023) Exploring the present and future of biomass recovery units: technological innovation, policy incentives and economic challenges. Biofuels, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2023.2250973

[42] Ogunkunle O, Ahmed NA. A review of global current scenario of biodiesel adoption and combustion in vehicular diesel engines. Energy Reports, 2019, 5: 1560-1579

[43] Okubo M, Kuwahara T (2019) New technologies for emission control in marine diesel engines. Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.10.028

[44] Oliva FL, Teberga PMF, Testi LIO, Kotabe M, Del Giudice M, Kelle P, Cunha MP. Risks and critical success factors in the internationalization of born global startups of industry 4.0: A social, environmental, economic, and institutional analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2022, 175: 121346

[45] Oloruntobi O, Mokhtar K, Gohari A, Asif S, Chuah LF (2023) Sustainable transition towards greener and cleaner seaborne shipping industry: challenges and opportunities. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 100628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100628

[46] Panoutsou C, Germer S, Karka P, Papadokostantakis S, Kroyan Y, Wojcieszyk M, Landalv I (2021) Advanced biofuels to decarbonise European transport by 2030: Markets, challenges, and policies that impact their successful market uptake. Energy Strategy Reviews, 34.100633.978-3-030-36464-9_2

[47] Perin G, Jones PR. Economic feasibility and long-term sustainability criteria on the path to enable a transition from fossil fuels to biofuels. Current opinion in biotechnology, 2019, 57: 175-182

[48] Prokopenko O, Miśkiewicz R. Perception of Green Shipping in the contemporary conditions. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 2020, 8(2): 269

[49] Ramalingam S, Naresh Babu M, Devarajan Y, Dinesh Babu M, Varuvel EG. Environmental and energy valuation of waste-derived Cymbopogon Martinii Methyl Ester combined with multi-walled carbon (MWCNTs) additives in hydrogen-enriched dual fuel engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(99): 39641-39657

[50] Rao R, Sahu C, Bauddh K (2024) Structural tenets of efficient bioeconomy and role of biofuels. In Biodiversity and Bioeconomy (pp. 503–536). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95482-2.00026-2

[51] Jayabal R. Combined effect of oxygenated additives, injection timing and EGR on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a CRDi diesel engine powered by sapota biodiesel/diesel blends. Fuel, 2020, 268: 117254

[52] Ravikumar S et al (2022) Multi-objective optimization of performance and emission characteristics of a CRDI diesel engine fueled with sapota methyl ester/diesel blends. Energy, 123709. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123709

[53] Razzaq L, Mujtaba MA, Soudagar MEM, Ahmed W, Fayaz H, Bashir S, Fattah IMR, Ong HC, Shahapurkar K, Afzal A, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A, Ali MS, EL-Seesy AI. Engine performance and emission characteristics of palm biodiesel blends with graphene oxide nanoplatelets and dimethyl carbonate additives. Journal of Environmental Management, 2021, 282: 111917

[54] Sagin S, Karianskyi S, Madey V, Sagin A, Stoliaryk T, Tkachenko I. Impact of biofuel on the environmental and economic performance of marine diesel engines. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2023, 11(1): 120

[55] Sahu TK, Shukla PC, Belgiorno G, Maurya RK. Alcohols as alternative fuels in compression ignition engines for sustainable transportation: A review. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, 2022, 44(4): 8736-8759

[56] Saravanan A, Jayasree R, Kumar PS, Varjani S, Hemavathy RV, Jeevanantham S, Yaashikaa PR. Production of pigment using Aspergillus tamarii: New potentials for synthesizing natural metabolites. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2020, 19: 100967

[57] Sayyed S, Das RK, Kulkarni K. Experimental investigation for evaluating the performance and emission characteristics of DICI engine fueled with dual biodiesel-diesel blends of Jatropha, Karanja, Mahua, and Neem. Energy, 2022, 238: 121787

[58] Sharma P, Chhillar A, Said Z, Huang Z, Nguyen VN, Nguyen PQP, Nguyen XP. Experimental investigations on efficiency and instability of combustion process in a diesel engine fueled with ternary blends of hydrogen peroxide additive/biodiesel/diesel. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022, 44(3): 5929-5950

[59] Singhal A, Prashant (2020) Biofuels: Perspective for Sustainable Development and Climate Change Mitigation. Biotechnology for Biofuels: A Sustainable Green Energy Solution, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3761-5_1

[60] Soudagar M, Elahi M, Nik-Ghazali N-N, Kalam MA, Badruddin IA, Banapurmath NR, Yunus Khan TM, Bashir MN, Akram N, Farade R, Afzal A. The effects of graphene oxide nanoparticle additive stably dispersed in dairy scum oil biodiesel-diesel fuel blend on CI engine: performance, emission and combustion characteristics. Fuel, 2019, 257: 116015

[61] Soudagar MEM, Nik-Ghazali N-N, Kalam MA, Badruddin IA, Banapurmath NR, Bin Ali MA, Kamangar S, Cho HM, Akram N. An investigation on the influence of aluminium oxide nano-additive and honge oil methyl ester on engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Renewable Energy, 2020, 146: 2291-2307

[62] Soudagar MEM, Afzal A, Safaei MR, Manokar AM, EL-Seesy AI, Mujtaba MA, Samuel OD, Badruddin IA, Ahmed W, Shahapurkar K, Goodarzi M. Investigation on the effect of cottonseed oil blended with different percentages of octanol and suspended MWCNT nanoparticles on diesel engine characteristics. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2020, 147(1): 525-542

[63] Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo M, Najafi B, Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H, Faizollahzadeh Ardabili S, Akbarian E, Khalife E, Mohammadi P, Rastegari H, Ghaziaskar HS (2019) Environmental impact assessment of the mechanical shaft work produced in a diesel engine running on diesel/biodiesel blends containing glycerol-derived triacetin. Journal of Cleaner Production, 223. 466–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.106

[64] Tadros M, Ventura M, Guedes Soares C (2022) Assessment of marine Genset performance with biodiesel fuel using the double-Wiebe function. Trends in Maritime Technology and Engineering; Guedes Soares, C., Santos, TA, Eds, 545–551. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003320272-61

[65] Tadros M, Ventura M, Soares CG. A review of the use of Biodiesel as a green fuel for diesel engines. Maritime Technology and Engineering, 2021, 2(5): 481-489

[66] Tadros M, Ventura M, Soares CG. Review of current regulations, available technologies, and future trends in the green shipping industry. Ocean Engineering, 2023, 280: 114670

[67] Tan EC, Harris K, Tifft SM, Steward D, Kinchin C, Thompson TN. Adoption of biofuels for marine shipping decarbonization: A long - term price and scalability assessment. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2022, 16(4): 942-961

[68] Tan EC, Hawkins TR, Lee U, Tao L, Meyer PA, Wang M, Thompson T. Biofuel options for marine applications: technoeconomic and life-cycle analyses. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021, 55(11): 7561-7570

[69] Torres-Garcia M, Garcia-Martin JF, Aguilar FJJE, Barbin DF, Alvarez-Mateos P. Vegetable oils as renewable fuels for power plants based on low and medium speed diesel engines. Journal of the Energy Institute, 2020, 93(3): 953-961

[70] Tuli D, Kasture S (2022) Biodiesel and green diesel. Advanced Biofuel Technologies, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-88427-3.00010-6

[71] Venu H, Raju VD, Lingesan S, Elahi M, Soudagar M. Influence of Al2O3nano additives in ternary fuel (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) blends operated in a single cylinder diesel engine: Performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Energy, 2021, 215: 119091

[72] Vellaiyan S. Optimization of pyrolysis process parameters for a higher yield of plastic oil with enhanced physicochemical properties derived from medical plastic wastes. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2023, 36: 101310

[73] Verma J, Goel S. State-of-the-art in bioresources for sustainable transportation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(10): 3768-3790

[74] Veza I, Afzal A, Mujtaba MA, Tuan Hoang A, Balasubramanian D, Sekar M, Fattah IMR, Soudagar MEM, EL-Seesy AI, Djamari DW, Hananto AL, Putra NR, Tamaldin N. Review of artificial neural networks for gasoline, diesel and homogeneous charge compression ignition engine. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2022, 61(11): 8363-8391

[75] Vidović T, Šimunović J, Radica G, Penga. Systematic Overview of Newly Available Technologies in the Green Maritime Sector. Energies, 2023, 16(2): 641

[76] Wang L, Li Y. Estimation methods and reduction strategies of port carbon emissions-what literatures say? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2023, 195: 115451

[77] Watanabe MDB, Cherubini F, Cavalett O. Climate change mitigation of drop-in biofuels for deep-sea shipping under a prospective life-cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 364: 132662

[78] Wategave SP, Banapurmath NR, Sawant MS, Soudagar MEM, Mujtaba MA, Afzal A, Basha JS, Alazwari MA, Safaei MR, Elfasakhany A, Sajjan AM. Clean combustion and emissions strategy using reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode engine powered with CNG-Karanja biodiesel. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2021, 124: 116-131

[79] Wojcieszyk M, Kroyan Y, Larmi M, Kaario O, Zenger K (2019) Effect of Alternative Fuels on Marine Engine Performance. SAE Technical Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-2230

[80] Wu G, Ge JC, Choi NJ. A Comprehensive Review of the Application Characteristics of Biodiesel Blends in Diesel Engines. Applied Sciences, 2020, 10(22): 8015

[81] Yaliwal VS, Banapurmath NR, Soudagar MEM, Afzal A, Ahmadi P. Effect of manifold and port injection of hydrogen and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in dairy scum biodiesel-low energy content gas-fueled CI engine operated on dual fuel mode. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(10): 6873-6897

[82] Yeo S, Jeong B, Lee WJ. Improved formal safety assessment methodology using fuzzy TOPSIS for LPG-fueled marine engine system. Ocean Engineering, 2023, 269: 113536