Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Surface Roughness on the Viscous Resistance Components of Surface Ships

Abstract

Recently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches have been effectively used by researchers to calculate the resistance characteristics of ships that have rough outer surfaces. These approaches are mainly based on modifying wall functions using experimentally pre-determined roughness functions. Although several recent studies have shown that CFD can be an effective tool to calculate resistance components of ships for different roughness conditions, most of these studies were performed using the same ship geometry (KRISO Container Ship). Thus, the effect of ship geometry on the resistance characteristics of rough hull surfaces is worth investigating. In this study, viscous resistance components of four different ships are calculated for different roughness conditions. First, flat plate simulations are performed using a previous experimental study for comparison purposes. Then, the viscous resistance components of three-dimensional hulls are calculated. All simulations are performed using two different turbulence models to investigate the effect of the turbulence model on the results. An examination of the distributions of the local skin friction coefficients of the DTMB 5415 and Series 60 showed that the plumpness of the bow form has a significant effect on the increase in frictional resistance with increasing roughness. Another significant finding of the study is that viscous pressure resistance is directly affected by the surface roughness. For all geometries, viscous pressure resistances showed a significant increase for highly rough surfaces.

Keywords

surface roughness / frictional resistance / ship resistance / computational fluid dynamics / RANS

References

[1] Atlar M, Unal B, Unal UO, Politis G, Martinelli E, Galli G, Davies C, Williams D. An experimental investigation of the frictional drag characteristics of nanostructured and fluorinated fouling-release coatings using an axisymmetric body. Biofouling, 2012, 29(1): 39-52

[2] Atlar M, Yeginbayeva IA, Turkmen S, Demirel YK, Carchen A, Marino A, Williams D. A rational approach to predicting the effect of fouling control systems on “in-service” ship performance. GMO Journal of Ship and Marine Technology, 2018, 213: 5-36

[3] Candries M, Atlar M, Anderson CD (2001) Foul release systems and drag. Consolidation of technical advances in the protective and marine coatings industry. Proceedings of the PCE 2001 Conference, 273–286

[4] CD-ADAPCO (2011) User guide STAR-CCM+. Version 6.06.011

[5] Cebeci T, Bradshaw P. Momentum transfer in boundary layers, 1977, McGraw-Hill: Hemisphere Publishing, 176-180

[6] Celik IB, Ghia U, Roache PJ, Freitas CJ, Coleman H, Raad PE. Procedure for estimation and reporting of uncertainty due to discretization in CFD applications. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, 2008, 130: 078001-1-4

[7] Clauser FH. Turbulent boundary layer in adverse pressure gradients. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, 1954, 21: 91-108

[8] Colebrook CF. Turbulent flow in pipes, with particular reference to the transition region between the smooth and rough pipe laws. J. Inst. Civil Eng., 1939, 11: 133-156

[9] Demirel YK. New horizons in marine coatings. GMO Journal of Ship and Marine Technology, 2018, 213: 37-53

[10] Demirel YK, Khorasanchi M, Turan O, Incecik A, Schultz M. A CFD model for the frictional resistance prediction of antifouling coatings. Ocean Engineering, 2014, 89: 21-31

[11] Demirel YK, Turan O, Incecik A. Predicting the effect of biofouling on ship resistance using CFD. Appl. Ocean Res, 2017, 62: 100-118

[12] Froude W (1872) Experiments on the surface-friction experienced by a plane moving through water. British Association for the Advancement of Science. The Collected Papers of William Froude, Institution of Naval Architects, 138–146

[13] Froude W (1874) Report to the lords commissioners of the admiralty on experiments for the determination of the frictional resistance of water on a surface, under various conditions, performed at Chelston cross, under the authority of their lordships. 44th Report by the British Association for the Advancement of Science

[14] Grigson CWB. Drag losses of new ships caused by hull finish. J. Ship Res., 1992, 36: 182-196

[15] Haase M, Zurcher K, Davidson G, Binns JR, Thomas G, Bose N. Novel CFD-based full-scale resistance prediction for large medium-speed catamarans. Ocean Engineering, 2016, 111(1): 198-208

[16] Hama FR. Boundary layer characteristics for smooth and rough surfaces. Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1954, 62: 333-358

[17] Haslbeck EG, Bohlander G (1992) Microbial biofilm effects on drag—lab and field. Proceedings of the SNAME Ship Production Symposium, Paper No. 3A-1

[18] IMO (2009) Report of the marine environment protection committee in its fifty-ninth session. International Maritime Organisation, MEPC 59/24

[19] ITTC (2011) Recommended procedures and guidelines, practical guidelines for ship CFD application. 7.5-03 02-03

[20] Karabulut UC, Özdemir YH, Barlas B. Numerical study on the hydrodynamic performance of antifouling paints. J. Marine. Sci. Appl., 2020, 19: 41-52

[21] Khor YS, Xiao Q. CFD simulations of the effects of fouling and antifouling. Ocean Engineering, 2011, 38: 1065-1079

[22] Lackenby H. Resistance of ships with special reference to skin friction and hull surface condition: The 34th Thomas Lowe Grey Lecture. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 1962, 176: 981-1014

[23] Longva T, Eide MS, Skjong R. Determining a required energy efficiency design index level for new ships based on a cost-effectiveness criterion. Maritime Policy & Management, 2010, 37(2): 129-143

[24] McEntee W. Variation of frictional resistance of ships with condition of wetted surface. Trans Soc Nav Arch Mar Eng., 1915, 24: 37-42

[25] Mikkelsen H, Walther JH. Effect of roughness in full-scale validation of a CFD model of self-propelled ships. Applied Ocean Research, 2020, 99: 1-14

[26] Molland AF, Turnock SR, Hudson DA. Ship resistance and propulsion: practical estimation of ship propulsive power, 2011, New York: Cambridge University Press

[27] Nikuradse J (1933) Laws of flow in rough pipes. NACA Technical Memorandum, 1292

[28] Patankar SV, Spalding DB. A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. Int J Heat Mass Transf, 1972, 15: 1787-1806

[29] Patel V. Perspective: Flow at high reynolds number and over rough surfaces—achilles heel of CFD. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 1998, 120(3): 434-444

[30] Rushd S, Ashraful I, Sanders RS. CFD Methodology to determine the hydrodynamic roughness of a surface with application to viscous oil coatings. J. Hydraul. Eng., 2018, 144(2): 04017067

[31] Schultz MP. The relationship between frictional resistance and roughness for surfaces smoothed by sanding. ASME J. Fluids Eng., 2002, 124: 492-499

[32] Schultz MP. Frictional resistance of antifouling coating systems. ASME J. Fluids Eng., 2004, 126: 1039-1047

[33] Schultz MP, Walker JM, Steppe CN, Flack KA. Impact of diatomaceous biofilms on the frictional drag of fouling-release coatings. Biofouling, 2015, 31(9–10): 759-773

[34] Unal OU, Unal B, Atlar M. Turbulent boundary layer measurements over flat surfaces coated by nanostructured marine antifoulings. Experiments in Fluids, 2012, 52: 1431-1448

[35] Unal UO. Correlation of frictional drag and roughness length scale for transitionally and fully rough turbulent boundary layers. Ocean Engineering, 2015, 107(2015): 283-298

[36] UNCTAD (2017) Review of maritime transport. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

[37] Usta O, Korkut E (2013) A study for the effect of surface roughness on resistance characteristics of flat plates. Marine Coatings Conference, London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.coat.2013.03

[38] Wilcox DC (1994) Turbulence modelling for CFD. İkinci Basım, DCW Industries, Colifornia