Condition Assessment Techniques for Aged Fixed-Type Offshore Platforms Considering Decommissioning: a Historical Review

Abstract

In this study, the technical papers on structural condition assessment of aged fixed-type offshore platforms reported over the past few decades are presented. Other ancillary related works are also discussed. Large numbers of researches are available in the area of requalification for life extension of offshore jacket platforms. Many of these studies involve reassessment of existing platforms by means of conducting pushover analysis, a static nonlinear collapse analysis method to evaluate the structure nonlinear behaviour and capacity beyond the elastic limit. From here, the failure mechanism and inherent reserve strength/capacity of the overall truss structure are determined. This method of doing reassessment is described clearly in the industry-adopted codes and standards such the API, ISO, PTS and NORSOK codes. This may help understand the structural behaviour of aged fixed offshore jacket structures for maintenance or decommissioning.

Keywords

Strength of offshore platforms / Reliability / Jacket platform / Fixed structure, oil and gas / Fixed-type offshore platform / Offshore structures

References

[1] Aanhold JE. Ultimate strength analysis of framed offshore structures (SINTEF report STF88-A83003), 1983, Trondheim: SINTEF

[2] Alessi L, Correia JAFO, Fantuzzi N (2019) Initial design phase and tender designs of a jacket structure converted into a retrofitted offshore wind turbine. Energ 12(4):659. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040659

[3] Amer MY (2010) Development of structural regional acceptance criteria for existing fixed offshore structures in the Arabian gulf. The Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 1-4 November, Abu Dhabi, UAE

[4] Ang AHS, Tang WH (2007) Probability concepts in engineering: emphasis on applications to civil and environmental engineering (V. 1). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA

[5] API Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms—load and resistance factor design (API RP 2A-LRFD), 1993, Washington: American Petroleum Institute

[6] API (2007) Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms–working stress design (2A-WSD 2007). American Petroleum Institute, Washington

[7] Asgarian B, Lesani M. Pile–soil-structure interaction in pushover analysis of jacket offshore platforms using fiber elements. J Constr Steel Res, 2009, 65(1): 209-218

[8] Ayob MS, Kajuputra AE, Mukherjee K, Wong BS (2014a) Global ultimate strength assessment of existing offshore jacket structures. The 1 ^st Offshore Technology Conference-Asia (OTC Asia 2014), 25–28 march, Kuala Lumpur

[9] Ayob MS, Mukherjee K, Kajuputra AE, Wong BS, Salleh FM (2014b) Requalification of offshore jacket structures in Malaysian waters. The 1 ^st Offshore Technology Conference Asia (OTC Asia 2014), 25–28 march, Kuala Lumpur

[10] Augustesen A. The effects of time on soil behaviour and pile capacity, 2006, Ph.D: Dissertation, Aalborg University, Aalborg

[11] Augustesen A, Andersen L, Sørensen CS (2006) Assessment of time functions for piles driven in clay (DCE Technical Memerandum No. 1). Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

[12] Baek SJ, Kim SJ, Paik JK, Sohn JM. Development of an empirical formula for residual strength assessment to prevent sequential events of grounded oil tankers. J Soc Naval Archit Korea, 2019, 56(3): 263-272

[13] Baek SJ, Sohn JM, Paik JK, Kim SJ. Development of a method for prediction of residual strength for prevention of secondary accidents on large oil tankers subjected to collisions. J Soc Naval Archit Korea, 2018, 55(2): 144-152

[14] Baker MJ (1998) Feasibility study on appraisal of methods of structural reliability assessment for offshore structures (HSE Report). Health and Safety Executive (HSE), London, UK

[15] Banon H, Bea RG, Bruen FJ, Cornell CA, Krieger WF, Stewart DA. Assessing fitness for purpose of offshore platforms. I: analytical methods and inspections. J Struct Eng, 1994, 120(12): 3595-3612

[16] Bao XX, Wang JR, Li HJ (2009) A safety assessment method on aging offshore platforms with damages. The 19 ^th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 2009), 21–26 July, Osaka

[17] Bea RG. Criteria for design and requalification of platforms in the bay of Campeche, Mexico. J Waterw Port Coast Ocean Eng, 2000, 126(5): 254-262

[18] Bea RG. Reassessment and requalification of infrastructure: application to offshore structures. J Infrastruct Syst, 1996, 2(2): 45-53

[19] Bea RG. Selection of environmental criteria for offshore platform design. J Pet Technol, 1974, 26(11): 1206-1214

[20] Bea RG, Craig MJK (1993) Developments in the assessment and requalification of offshore platforms. The 25 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1993), 3–6 May, Houston, Texas

[21] Bea RG, Mortazavi MM. ULSLEA: a limit equilibrium procedure to determine the ultimate limit state loading capacities of template-type platforms. J Offshore Mech Arctic Eng, 1996, 118(4): 267-275

[22] Bea RG, Mortazavi MM, Loch KJ, Young PL (1995) Verification of a simplified method to evaluate the capacities of template-type platforms. The 27 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1995), 1–4 May, Houston, Texas

[23] Bea RG, Mortazavi MM, Stear JD. Screening methodologies for use in platform assessments and requalifications (final project report), 1993, Berkeley: University of California

[24] Billington CJ, Bolt HM, Ward JK (1993) Reserve residual and ultimate strength analysis of offshore structures: state of the art review. The 3 ^rd International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 1993), 6-11 June, Singapore

[25] Bolt HM, Billington CJ, Ward JK (1996) A review of the ultimate strength of tubular framed structures (Report No: OTH 92 365). Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Berkshire, UK

[26] Bolt HM, Billington CJ, Ward JK (1994) Results from large-scale ultimate load tests on tubular jacket frame structures. The 26 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1994), 2–5 May, Houston, Texas

[27] BOMEL Ltd. (2002) System-based calibration of North West European annex environmental load factor to ISO fixed steel offshore structure code 19902 (Report No. C925\04\016R Rev A). BOMEL Ltd, Berkshire, UK

[28] Bourinet JM (2010) Ferum 4.1 user’s guide. Clermont-Ferrand, France: Institute Français de Mécanique Avancée (IFMA)

[29] Brown AM. A step-by-step guide to non-linear regression analysis of experimental data using a Microsoft excel spreadsheet. Comput Methods Prog Biomed, 2001, 65(3): 191-200

[30] Bucher CG, Bourgund U. A fast and efficient response surface approach for structural reliability problems. Struct Saf, 1990, 7(1): 57-66

[31] Bullock PJ, Schmertmann JH, McVay MC, Townsend FC. Side shear setup. I: test piles driven in Florida. J Geotech Geoenviron, 2005, 131(3): 292-300

[32] Bullock PJ, Schmertmann JH, McVay MC, Townsend FC. Side shear setup. II: results from Florida test piles. J Geotech Geoenviron, 2005, 131(3): 301-310

[33] Capanoglu C, Coombs S (2009) Requalification process for existing platforms implications of newly acquired criteria on mitigation. The 19 ^th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 2009), 21–26 July, Osaka

[34] Cassidy MJ, Houlsby GT, Taylor RE (2001) Application of probabilistic models to the response analysis of jack-ups. The 11 ^th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 2001), 17–22 June, Stavanger, Norway

[35] Chen JY, Matarek BA, Carpenter JF, Gilbert RB (2009) Analaysis of potential conseratism in foundation design for offshore platform assessment. Final project report prepared for the minerals management service under MMS award/contract M08PC20002 (MMS project number 612), offshore technology research center, Texas a&M university, Taxas, USA. https://www.bsee.gov/sites/bsee.gov/files/tap-technical-assessment-program/612aa.pdf

[36] Chin DCL. A reliability analysis of a Malaysia jacket platform, 2005, MS.c: Dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia

[37] Choi SK, Grandhi RV, Canfield RA. Reliability-based structural design, 2007, London: Springer

[38] Clausen CJF, Aas PM (2001) Capacity of driven piles in clays and sands on the basis of pile load tests. The 11 ^th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 2011), 17–22 June, Stavanger, Norway

[39] Cornell CA (1987) Offshore structural systems reliability (a report to amoco production company for the joint industry project participants), C. Allin Cornell, Inc., Portola Valley

[40] Cossa NJ (2012) Environmental load factor for ISO design of tubular joints of a Malaysia fixed offshore steel jacket platform. MS.c. Dissertation, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malayisa

[41] Cossa NJ, Potty NS, Idrus AB, Hamid A, Foad M, Nizamani Z. Reliability analysis of jacket platforms in Malaysia-environmental load factors. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol, 2012, 4(19): 3544-3551 https://maxwellsci.com/print/rjaset/v4-3544-3551.pdf

[42] Craig MJK, Digre KA (1994) Assessments of high-consequence platforms: issues and applications. The 26 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1994), 2–5 May, Houston, Texas

[43] Cui W, Mansour AE. Effects of welding distortions and residual stresses on the ultimate strength of long rectangular plates under uniaxial compression. Mar Struct, 1998, 11(6): 251-269

[44] Dalane JI, Haver S (1995) Requalification of an unmanned jacket structure using reliability methods. The 27 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1995), 1–4 May, Houston

[45] De RS. Offshore structural system reliability: wave-load modeling, system behavior, and analysis, 1990, Ph.D: Dissertation, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

[46] Energo (2007) Assessment of fixed offshore platform performance in hurricanes Katrina and Rita. US Department of Interior Mineral Management Service Engineering and Research Branch & Energo Engineering (Final Report: MMS Project No. 578, Energo Engineering Project No. E06117) https://www.bsee.gov/sites/bsee.gov/files/tap-technical-assessment-program/578aa.pdf

[47] Energo (2010) Assessment of damage and failure mechanisms for offshore structures and pipelines in hurricanes Custav and Ike. US Department of Interior Mineral Management Service Engineering and Research Branch & Energo Engineering (Final Report: MMS Project No. 642, Project No. E09180) https://www.bsee.gov/sites/bsee.gov/files/tap-technical-assessment-program//642aa.pdf

[48] Efthymiou M, van De Graaf JW, Tromans PS, Hines IM. Reliability-based criteria for fixed steel offshore platforms. J Offshore Mech Arctic Eng, 1997, 119(2): 120-124

[49] Ersdal G (2005) Assessment of existing offshore structures for life extension. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Stavanger, Norway

[50] Ersdal G, Sørensen JD, Langen I (2003) Updating of structural failure probability based on experienced wave loading. The 13 ^th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 2003), 25–30 May, Honolulu

[51] Fadly M (2011) Sensitivity study of environmental load to reliability index for Malaysian region. MS.c. Dissertation, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

[52] Faisal M, Noh SH, Kawsar RU, Youssef SAM, Seo JK, Ha YC, Paik JK. Rapid hull collapse strength calculations of double hull oil tankers after collisions. Ships Offshore Struct, 2017, 12(5): 624-639

[53] Fjeld S. Reliability of offshore structures. J Pet Technol, 1978, 30(10): 1486-1496

[54] Freund RJ, Wilson WJ, Sa P. Regression analysis: statistical modeling of a response variable, 2006, Burlington: Elsevier

[55] Frieze PA, Morandi AC, Birkinshaw M, Smith D, Dixon AT. Fixed and jack-up platforms: basis for reliability assessment. Mar Struct, 1997, 10(2–4): 263-284

[56] Gening XU, Ruiguang Y. Methodology to estimate remaining service life of steel structure by possibilistic reliability theory. Chin J Mech Eng, 2010, 23(6): 780-787

[57] George JM, Kurian VJ, Wahab MMA. Changes in the pushover analysis results of offshore jacket platforms due to the incorporation of the aging effects of piles. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci, 2016, 11(4): 2602-2606 http://www.arpnjournals.org/jeas/research_papers/rp_2016/jeas_0216_3691.pdf

[58] Gierlinski JT, Sears RJ, Shetty NK (1993) Integrity assessment of fixed offshore structures: a case study using rasos software. The 12 ^th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 1993), 20–24 June, Glasgow

[59] Golafshani AA, Bagheri V, Ebrahimian H, Holmas T. Incremental wave analysis and its application to performance-based assessment of jacket platforms. J Constr Steel Res, 2011, 67(10): 1649-1657

[60] Guang-Yu Z (1988) Wave equation applications for piles in soft ground. The 3 ^rd International Conference on the Application of Stress-wave Theory to Piles, 25-27 may, Ottawa, Canada

[61] Guenard YF, Cornell CA, Bea RG, Rackwitz R (1984) Application of system reliability analysis to offshore structures (Standford University report no 71). Stanford University, Stanford

[62] Håbrekke S, Bodsberg L, Hokstad P, Ersdal G (2011) Issues for consideration in life extension and managing ageing facilities. The 30 ^th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2011), 19–24 June, Rotterdam

[63] Hajialilue-Bonab M, Levacher D, Chazelas JL, Kaynia AM. Static and dynamic behavior of laterally loaded single piles and determination of P-Y curves. Asian J Civil Eng (BHRC), 2013, 14(6): 899-916 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/958f/a091f88cd361598b8ffe83fad616ba1fe8e6.pdf?_ga=2.127723597.196045463.1598791769-926310604.1595797586

[64] Hansen K, Gudmestad OT (2001) Reassessment of jacket type of platforms subject to wave-in-deck forces–current practice and future development. The 11 ^th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 2001), 17–22 June, Stavanger, Norway

[65] Hasofer AM, Lind MC. An exact and invariant first order reliability format. J Eng Mech, 1974, 100(1): 111-121

[66] Heideman JC (1980) Parametric response model for wave/current joint probability (submitted to American Petroleum Institute Technical Advisory Committee TAC), 88-20

[67] Hellan Ø. Nonlinear pushover and cyclic analyses in ultimate limit state design and reassessment of tubular steel offshore structures, 1995, Trondheim: Norwegian Institute of Technology

[68] ISO (2007) Petroleum and natural gas industries—fixed steel offshore structures (ISO 19902: 2007). International Organization for Sandardization, Geneva

[69] Jeanjean P (2009). Re-assessment of P-Y curves for soft clays from centrifuge testing and finite element modeling. Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 2009), 4-7 May, Houston, Texas, USA https://doi.org/10.4043/20158-MS

[70] Jensen JL, Augustesen A, Sørensen CS. The influence of time on bearing capacity of driven piles. The 14 ^th Nordiac Geotechnical Meeting, 19–21 may, 2014, Ystad: Sweden

[71] Karamchandani AK. New methods in systems reliability, 1990, Ph.D: Dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

[72] Karamchandani A, Cornell CA. Reliability analysis of truss structures with multistate elements. II. J Struct Eng, 1992, 118(4): 910-925

[73] Karunakaran D, Leira BJ, Moan T (1993) Reliability analysis of drag-dominated offshore structures. The 3 ^rd International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 1993), 6-11 June, Singapore

[74] Karlsrud K, Clausen CJF, Aas PM (2005) Bearing capacity of driven piles in clay, the NGI approach. The 1 ^st International Symposium on Frontiters in Offshore Geotehcnics (ISFOG 2005), 19–21 September, Perth, Australlia

[75] Karlsrud K, Nadim F (1990) Axial capacity of offshore piles in clay. The 22 ^nd Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1990), 7–10 May, Houston

[76] Kim DK, Incecik A, Choi HS, Wong EWC, Yu SY, Park KS. A simplified method to predict fatigue damage of o_shore riser subjected to vortex-induced vibration by adopting current index concept. Ocean Eng, 2018, 157: 401-411

[77] Kim DK, Kim BJ, Seo JK, Kim HB, Zhang XM, Paik JK. Time-dependent residual ultimate longitudinal strength-grounding damage index (R-D) diagram. Ocean Eng, 2014, 76: 163-171

[78] Kim DK, Kim HB, Park DH, Mohd Hairil M, Paik JK. A practical diagram to determine the residual longitudinal strength of grounded ship in Northen Sea route. Ships Offshore Struct, 2020, 15(7): 683-700

[79] Kim DK, Kim HB, Zhang XM, Li CG, Paik JK. Ultimate strength performance of tankers associated with industry corrosion addition practices. Int J Naval Archit Ocean Eng, 2014, 6(3): 507-528

[80] Kim DK, Kim SJ, Kim HB, Zhang XM, Li CG, Paik JK. Ultimate strength performance of bulk carriers with various corrosion additions. Ships Offshore Struct, 2015, 10(1): 59-78

[81] Kim DK, Lim HL, Cho NK. An advanced technique to predict time-dependent corrosion damage of onshore, offshore, nearshore and ship structures: part II = application to the ship's ballast tank. Int J Naval Archit Ocean Eng, 2020, 12: 657-666

[82] Kim DK, Lim HL, Kim MS, Hwang OJ, Park KS. An empirical formulation for predicting the ultimate strength of stiffened panels subjected to longitudinal compression. Ocean Eng, 2017, 140: 270-280

[83] Kim DK, Lim HL, Yu SY. A technical review on ultimate strength prediction of stiffened panels in axial compression. Ocean Eng, 2018, 170: 392-406

[84] Kim DK, Lim HL, Yu SY. Ultimate strength prediction of T-bar stiffened panel under longitudinal compression by data processing: a refined empirical formulation. Ocean Eng, 2019, 192: 106522

[85] Kim DK, Ng WCK, Hwang OJ. An empirical formulation to predict maximum deflection of blast wall under explosion. Struct Eng Mech, 2018, 68(2): 237-245

[86] Kim DK, Park DK, Kim HB, Seo JK, Kim BJ, Paik JK, Kim MS. The necessity of applying the common corrosion addition rule to container ships in terms of ultimate longitudinal strength. Ocean Eng, 2012, 49: 43-55

[87] Kim DK, Park DK, Kim JH, Kim SJ, Kim BJ, Seo JK, Paik JK. Effect of corrosion on the ultimate strength of double hull oil tankers—part I: stiffened panels. Struct Eng Mech, 2012, 42(4): 507-530

[88] Kim DK, Park DK, Park DH, Kim HB, Kim BJ, Seo JK, Paik JK. Effect of corrosion on the ultimate strength of double hull oil tankers—part II: hull girders. Struct Eng Mech, 2012, 42(4): 531-549

[89] Kim DK, Pedersen PT, Paik JK, Kim HB, Zhang XM, Kim MS. Safety guidelines of ultimate hull girder strength for grounded container ships. Saf Sci, 2013, 59: 46-54

[90] Kim DK, Poh BY, Lee JR, Paik JK. Ultimate strength of initially deflected plate under longitudinal compression: part I = an advanced empirical formulation. Struct Eng Mech, 2018, 68: 247-259

[91] Kim DK, Wong EWC, Cho NK. An advanced technique to predict time-dependent corrosion damage of onshore, offshore, nearshore and ship structures: part I = generalisation. Int J Naval Archit Ocean Eng, 2020, 12: 657-666

[92] Kim DK, Wong EWC, Lee EB, Yu SY, Kim YT. A method for the empirical formulation of current profile. Ships Offshore Struct, 2019, 14(2): 176-192

[93] Kim DK, Yu SY, Lim HL, Cho NK. Ultimate compressive strength of stiffened panel: an empirical formulation for flat-bar type. J Mar Sci Eng, 2020, 8(8): 605

[94] Kim DK, Zalaya MA, Mohd MH, Choi HS, Park KS. Safety assessment of corroded jacket platform considering decommissioning event. Int J Automot Mech Eng, 2017, 14(3): 4462-4485

[95] Kim DS, Ok SY, Song J, Koh HM. System reliability analysis using dominant failure modes identified by selective searching technique. Reliab Eng Syst Saf, 2013, 119: 316-331

[96] Kim SH, Na SW. Response surface method using vector projected sampling points. Struct Saf, 1997, 19(1): 3-19

[97] Kim YT, Kim DK, Choi HS, Yu SY, Park KS. Fatigue performance of Deepwater steel catenary riser considering nonliner soil. Struct Eng Mech, 2017, 61(6): 737-746

[98] Kolios AI. A multi-configuration approach to reliability based structural integrity assessment for ultimate strength, 2010, Ph.D: Dissertation, Cranfield University, UK

[99] Kolios A, Brennan FP (2009) Reliability based design for novel offshore structures. The 3 ^rd International Conference of Integrity, Reliability and Failure, 20-24 July, Porto, Portugal

[100] Komurka VE, Wagner AB, Edil T (2003) Estimating soil/pile set-up (Wisconsin Highway Research Program Report No. 0092-00-14). Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Wisconsin, USA

[101] Krawinkler H, Seneviratna GDPK. Pros and cons of a pushover analysis of seismic performance evaluation. Eng Struct, 1998, 20(4–6): 452-464

[102] Krieger WF, Banon H, Lloyd JR, De RS, Digre KA, Nair D, Guynes SJ (1994) Process for assessment of existing platforms to determine their fitness for purpose. The 26 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1994), 2–5 May, Houston

[103] Kurian VJ, Goh SS, Wahab MMA, Liew MS. Reliability assessment model for aging jacket structures in Malaysian waters. Appl Mech Mater, 2014, 567: 283-288

[104] Kurian VJ, Nizamani Z, Liew MS (2013a) Bayesian updating for probability of failure of jacket platforms in Malaysia. The Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC 2013), 7–9 April, Langkawi

[105] Kurian VJ, Nizamani Z, Liew MS. Modelling for uncertainties in resistance for jacket platforms in Malaysia. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol, 2013, 5(3): 750-759 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1077.1969&rep=rep1&type=pdf

[106] Kurian VJ, Wahab MMA, Kheang TS, Liew MS. System reliability of existing jacket platform in Malaysian water (failure path and system reliability index). Appl Mech Mater, 2014, 567: 307-312

[107] Kurian VJ, Yassir MA, Harahap ISH (2012) Dynamic response of semisubmersibles with damaged mooring lines. The 22 ^nd International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 2012), June 17–22, Rhodes

[108] Lacasse S, Nadim F, Andersen KH, Knudsen S, Eidsvig UK, Yetginer GL, Guttormsen T, Eide A (2013a). Reliability of API, NGI, ICP and Fugro axial pile capacity calculation methods. The 45 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 2013), 6–9 May, Houston

[109] Lacasse S, Nadim F, Langford T, Knudsen S, Yetginer GL, Guttormsen TR, Eide A (2013b) Model uncertainty in axial pile capacity design methods. The 45 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 2013), 6–9 May, Houston

[110] Lambert RJW, Mytilinaios I, Maitland L, Brown AM. Monte Carlo simulation of parameter confidence intervals for non-linear regression analysis of biological data using Microsoft excel. Comput Methods Prog Biomed, 2012, 107(2): 155-163

[111] Lebas G, Lacasse S, Cornell CA (1992) Response surfaces for reliability analysis of jacket structures. The 11 ^th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 1992), 17–22 June, Calgary

[112] Lee YJ (2012) Finite-element-based system reliability analysis and updating of fatigue-induced sequential failures. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign

[113] Lied EKW. A study of time effects on pile capacity (NGI report), 2010, Norway: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute

[114] Liu JC, Sue ML, Kou CH. Estimating the strength of concrete using surface rebound value and design parameters of concrete material. Tamkang J Sci Eng, 2009, 12(1): 1-7

[115] Madsen HO, Sørensen JD, Olesen R (1989) Optimal inspection planning for fatigue damage of offshore structures. The 5 ^th International Conference on Structural Safety & Reliability (ICOSSAR 1989), 7–11 August, San Francisco, California, USA

[116] Mark M, Etterdal B, Grigorian H (2001) Structural reliability assessment of Ekofisk jackets under extreme loading. The 33 ^rd Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 2001), 30 April - 3 May, Houston

[117] Marshall PW (1979) Strategy for monitoring, inspection and repair for fixed offshore platforms. Proceedings of the Conference on the Behavior of Offshore Structures (BOSS 1979), London, UK: 97–109

[118] Mayeetae Z, Liew MS, Abdullah MN (2012) Validating hindcast metocean parameter with measured environmental loads of Malaysian water. The 1 ^st International Conference on Civil, Offshore & Environmental Engineering (ICCOEE 2012), 12–14 June, Kuala Lumpur

[119] Melchers RE. Modeling of marine corrosion of steel specimens. ASTM Spec Tech Publication, 1997, 1300: 20-33

[120] Melchers RE. Shimozuka M, Wen YK. Probabilistic modelling of immesion marine corrosion. Shiraishi N, 1998, Structural Safety and Reliability: Balkema, 1143-1149

[121] Melchers RE (1999) Structural reliability analysis and prediction. Wiley & Sons, Chichester

[122] Melchers RE. The effect of corrosion on the structural reliability of steel offshore structures. Corros Sci, 2005, 47(10): 2391-2410

[123] Melchers RE, Ahammed M, Middleton C. FORM for discontinuous and truncated probability density functions. Struct Saf, 2003, 25(3): 305-313

[124] Meng D, Hu Z, Wu P, Zhu SP, Correia JAFO, De Jesus AMP (2020) Reliability-based optimisation for offshore structures using saddlepoint approximation. Proc Inst Civ Eng Marit Eng 173(2):33–42. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmaen.2020.2

[125] Moan T. Recent research and development relating to platform requalification. J Offshore Mech Arctic Eng, 2000, 122(1): 20-32

[126] Moan T, Vårdal OT, Johannesen JM (2000) Probabilistic inspection planning of fixed offshore structures. Proceedings of ICASP8, Sydney, pp. 191-200

[127] Mohd Hairil M, Kim DK, Kim DW, Paik JK. A time-variant corrosion wastage model for subsea gas pipelines. Ships Offshore Struct, 2014, 9(2): 161-176

[128] Mohd Hairil M, Zalaya MA, Latheef M, Choi HS, Rahman MAA, Kim DK. Ultimate bending capacity of aged fixed platform by considering the effect of marine fouling. Lat Am J Solid Struct, 2019, 16(5):

[129] Morandi AC, Frieze PA, Birkinshaw M, Smith D, Dixon AT (2015) Reliability of fixed and jack-up structures: a comparative study. The International Conference on the Behavior of Offshore Structures (BOSS 1979), 28–31 August, London, UK, 111–126

[130] Mortazavi MM, Bea RG. Screening methodologies for use in platform assessments and requalifications, 1995, Berkely: University of California

[131] Moses F (1987) Application of reliability to formulation of fixed offshore design codes. The Marine Structural Reliability Engineering Symposium (organised by The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, SNAME), 5-6 October, Arlington, VA, USA

[132] Moses F. Problems and prospects of reliability-based optimization. Eng Struct, 1997, 19(4): 293-301

[133] Moses F, Stahl B. Reliability analysis format for offshore structures. J Pet Technol, 1979, 31(3): 347-354

[134] Mostafa YE, Hesham EI, Naggar M. Response of fixed offshore platforms to wave and current loading including soil–structure interaction. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng, 2004, 24(4): 357-368

[135] Mourão A, Correia JAFO, Ávila B, Oliveira C, Ferradosa T, Carvalho H. A combined high- and low-cycle fatigue damage evaluation using local damage parameters for an offshore jacket-type structure. Marit Eng - ICE, 2020, 173(2): 43-57

[136] Mourão A, Correia JAFO, Castro JM, Correia M, Lesiuk G, Fantuzzi N, De Jesus AMP, Calcada RAB. Fatigue damage analysis of offshore structures using hot-spot stress and notch strain approaches. Mater Res Proc, 2019, 12(146–154): 10.21741/9781644900215-10.21741/9781644900221

[137] Mousavi ME, Gardoni P. A simplified method for reliability-and integrity-based design of engineering systems and its application to offshore mooring systems. Mar Struct, 2014, 36: 88-104

[138] Mreide TH, Amdahl J, Granliand T, Astrud OC (1986) Collapse analysis of framed offshore structures. The 18 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1986), 5–8 May, Houston

[139] Mustaffa Z, Gelder PV, Dawotola AW, Yu SY, Kim DK. Reliability assessment for corroded pipelines in series consdiering length-scale effects. Int J Automot Mech Eng, 2018, 15(3): 5607-5624

[140] Ng CY, Kurian VJ, Yassir MEA (2011) Regression Analysis for the Dynamic Responses of Semi-Submersible Platform. The 7 ^th International Conference on Steel and Aluminium Structures (ICSAS 2011), 13–15 July, Kuching, Sarawak

[141] Ng WK, Selamat MR, Choong KK. Soil/pile set-up effects on driven pile in malaysian soil. Electron J Geotech Eng, 2010, 15: 1-11 http://ejge.com/2010/Ppr10.003.pdf

[142] Nichols NW, Goh TK, Bahar H (2006) Managing structural integrity for ageing platform. The SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition, 11-13 September, Adelaide, Australia

[143] Nikolaidis E, Ghiocel DM, Singhal S. Engineering design reliability handbook, 2014, London: CRC Press

[144] Niu XN, Wickham AHS, Frieze PA (1990) Fracture mechanics and simplified analyses in probabilistic remaining life calculations for jacket structures. The 4 ^th International Symposium on Integrity of Offshore Structures, 2-3 July, Glasgow, Scotland

[145] Nordal H, Cornell CA, Karamchandani A (1987) A structural system reliability case study of an eight-leg steel jacket offshore production platform. The Marine Structural Reliability Symposium, 5-6 October, Arlington, VA, USA

[146] Olufsen A, Leira BJ, Moan T. Uncertainty and reliability analysis of jacket platform. J Struct Eng, 1992, 118(10): 2699-2715

[147] Onoufriou T. Reliability based inspection planning of offshore structures. Mar Struct, 1999, 12(7): 521-539

[148] Onoufriou T, Frangopol DM. Reliability-based inspection optimization of complex structures: a brief retrospective. Comput Struct, 2002, 80(12): 1133-1144

[149] Onoufriou T, Forbes VJ. Developments in structural system reliability assessments of fixed steel offshore platforms. Reliab Eng Syst Saf, 2001, 71(2): 189-199

[150] Paik JK, Kim DK. Advanced method for the development of an empirical model to predict time-dependent corrosion wastage. Corros Sci, 2012, 63: 51-58

[151] Paik JK, Kim DK, Park DH, Kim HB, Kim MS. A new method for assessing the safety of ships damaged by grounding. Int J Marit Eng, 2012, 154(A1): 1-20

[152] Paik JK, Kim DK, Park DH, Kim HB, Mansour AE, Caldwell JB. Modified Paik-Mansour formula for ultimate strength calculations of ship hulls. Ships Offshore Struct, 2013, 8: 245-260

[153] Paik JK, Thayamballi AK, Lee JM. Effect of initial deflection shape on the ultimate strength behavior of welded steel plates under biaxial compressive loads. J Ship Res, 2004, 48(1): 45-60

[154] Park DK, Kim DK, Seo JK, Kim BJ, Ha YC, Paik JK. Operability of non-ice class aged ships in the Arctic Ocean—part I: ultimate limit state approach. Ocean Eng, 2015, 102: 197-205

[155] Park DK, Kim DK, Seo JK, Kim BJ, Ha YC, Paik JK. Operability of non-ice class aged ships in the Arctic Ocean—part II: accidental limit state approach. Ocean Eng, 2015, 102: 206-215

[156] Petruska DJ, Berek EP, Ingersoil RW, Valdivieso JB (1994) Assessment of vermilion 46-a platform. The 26 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1994), 2–5 May, Houstan

[157] Petrauskas C, Botelho DL (1994) A reliability model for offshore platforms and its application to ST151 “H” and “K” platforms during Hurricane Andrew (1992). The International Conference on the Behaviour of Offshore Structures (BOSS 1994), 12–15 July. Massachusetts, USA

[158] PTS (2010) Design of fixed offshore structures (PTS 34.19.10.30). PETRONAS Technical Standards, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

[159] Pueksap-anan P (2010) Sensitivity study for RSR of fixed offshore steel type platforms. MS.c. Dissertation, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand

[160] Qin S, Cui W. Effect of corrosion models on the time-dependent reliability of steel plated elements. Mar Struct, 2003, 16(1): 15-34

[161] Rausche F, Robinson B, Likins G (2004) on the prediction of long term pile capacity from end-of-driving information. Contributions in honor of George G. Gobel (organised by ASCE), 27-31 July, Los Angeles, California

[162] Rashed SMH. Behaviour to ultimate strength of tubular offshore structures by the idealized structural unit method (report SK, 51), 1980, Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute of Technology

[163] Seber GAF, Wild CJ. Nonlinear regression, 2003, Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley

[164] Shabakhty N. Durable reliability of jack-up platforms, 2004, Ph.D: Dissertation, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands

[165] Shabakhty N, Boonstra H, van Gelder P (2003) System reliability of jack-up structures based on fatigue degradation. T Bedford & van Gelder (Eds.), safety and reliability, 1437-1445

[166] Shao S, Murotsu Y. Approach to failure mode analysis of large structures. Probabilistic Eng Mech, 1999, 14(1–2): 169-177

[167] Skallerud B, Amdahl J. Nonlinear analysis of offshore structures, 2002, Hertfordshire: Research Studies Press Ltd.

[168] Skov R, Denver H (1988) Time-dependence of bearing capacity of piles. The 3 ^rd International Conference on the Application of Stress-wave Theory to Piles, 25-27 may, Ottawa, Canada

[169] Sohn JM, Kim SJ. Dynamic structural response characteristics of new concept blast walls under hydrocarbon explosions. Latin Am J Soild Struct, 2019, 16(2): e161

[170] Solland G, Sigurdsson G, Ghosal A, Veritas DN (2011) Life extension and assessment of existing offshore structures. The SPE Project and Facilities Challenges Conference at METS, 13-16 February, Doha, Qatar

[171] Southwell CR, Bultman JD, Hummer CW. Estimating service life of steel in seawater, 1979, Park Ridge: Seawater Corrosion Handbook

[172] Spiess AN, Neumeyer N. An evaluation of R² as an inadequate measure for nonlinear models in pharmacological and biochemical research: a Monte Carlo approach. BMC Pharmacol, 2010, 10(6): 1-11

[173] Stear JD, Bea RG (1997) Evaluating simplified analysis approaches for estimating the load capacities of Gulf of Mexico jacket-type platforms. The 16 ^th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 1997), 13–17 April, Yokohama

[174] Straub D, Papaioannou I. Bayesian updating with structural reliability methods. J Eng Mech, 2014, 141(3):

[175] Sturm A, Bea R, Miller T (1997) Reassessment and requalification of two Gulf of Mexico platforms. The 7 ^th International Conference on Offshore and Polar Engineering (ISOPE 1997), 25–30 May, Honolulu

[176] Svinkin MR. Overcoming soil uncertainty in prediction of construction and industrial vibrations. Proceedings of the uncertainty in the geologic environment: from theory to practice, C.D. Shackelford, P. Nelson, and M.J.S. Roth (Eds.). Geotechnical Special Publications, 1996, 58(2): 1178-1194

[177] Svinkin MR, Skov R (2000) Set-up effect of cohesive soils in pile capacity. The 6 ^th International Conference on Application of Stress-wave Theory to Piles, 11-13 September, Sao Paulo, Brasil

[178] Toğan V, Karadeniz H, Daloğlu AT. An integrated framework including distinct algorithms for optimization of offshore towers under uncertainties. Reliab Eng Syst Saf, 2010, 95(8): 847-858

[179] Tromans PS, van de Graaf JW. Substantiated risk assessment of jacket structure. J Waterw Port Coast Ocean Eng, 1994, 120(6): 535-556

[180] Tromans PS, Vanderschuren L (1995) Response based design conditions in the north sea: application of a new method, The 27 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1995), 1–4 may. Houston

[181] Ueda Y, Rashed SMH. An ultimate transverse strength analysis of ship structures. J Soc Naval Archit Japan, 1975, 13: 87-104 https://trid.trb.org/view/148397

[182] van de Graaf JW, Tromans PS (1991) Statistical verification of predicted loading and ultimmate strength against observed storm damage for an offshore structure. The 23 ^rd Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1991), 6–9 May, Houstan

[183] van de Graaf JW, Tromans PS, Vanderschuren L, Jukui BH. Failure probability of a jack-up under environmental loading in the Central North Sea. Mar Struct, 1996, 9(1): 3-24

[184] Vannan MT, Thompson HM, Griffin JJ, Gelpi SL (1994) An automated procedure for platform strength assessment. The 26 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1994), 2–5 May, Houston

[185] Veritas N (1992) Structural reliability analysis of marine structures (report). Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Oslo, Norway

[186] Visser RC (1995) Reassessment of platforms in cook inlet, Alaska, The 27 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 1995), 1–4 may, Houstan

[187] Westlake HS, Puskar FJ, O'Connor PE, Bucknell JR (2006) The Role of Ultimate strength assessments in the structural integrity management (SIM) of offshore structures. The 38 ^th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 2006), 1–4 May, Houston

[188] Wong EWC, Kim DK. A simplified method to predict fiatuge damage of TTR subjected to short-term VIV using artificial neural network. Adv Eng Softw, 2018, 126: 100-109

[189] Yoo KK, Bacarreza O, Ferri Aliabadi MH (2020) A novel multi-fidelity modelling-based framework for reliability-based design optimisation of composite structures. Eng Comput, In-press https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-01084-x

[190] Youssef SAM, Faisal M, Seo JK, Kim BJ, Ha YC, Kim DK, Paik JK, Cheng F, Kim MS. Assessing the risk of ship hull collapse due to collision. Ships Offshore Struct, 2016, 11(4): 335-350

[191] Yu SY, Choi HS, Lee SK, Do CH, Kim DK. An optimum design of on-bottom stability of offshore pipelines on soft clay. Int J Naval Archit Ocean Eng, 2013, 5(4): 598-613

[192] Yu SY, Choi HS, Lee SK, Park KS, Kim DK. Nonlinear soil parameter effects on dynamic embedment of offshore pipeine on soft clay. Int J Naval Archit Ocean Eng, 2015, 7(2): 227-243

[193] Yu SY, Choi HS, Park KS, Kim YT, Kim DK. Advanced procedure for estimation of pipeline embedment on soft clay seabed. Struct Eng Mech, 2017, 62(4): 381-389

[194] Yu X (1996) Reliability and durability based design sensitivity analysis and optimization. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

[195] Zafarullah N (2013) Environmental load factors and system strength evaluation of jacket platforms in offshore Malaysia. Ph.D. Dissertation, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak

[196] Zaghloul H. Calibration of deterministic parameters for reassessment of offshore platforms in the Arabian gulf using reliability-based method, 2008, Ph.D: Dissertation, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

[197] Zhang MQ, Beer M, Quek ST, Choo YS. Comparison of uncertainty models in reliability analysis of offshore structures under marine corrosion. Struct Saf, 2010, 32(6): 425-432

Funding

Newcastle University