Measurements of Emissions to Air from a Marine Engine Fueled by Methanol

Abstract

Emissions of exhaust gases and particulate matter from a dual fuel marine engine using methanol as fuel with marine gasoil as pilot fuel have been examined for a ferry during operation. The emission factor for nitrogen oxides is lower than what is typically found for marine gasoil but does not reach the tier III limit. The emissions of particulate matter are significantly lower than for fuel oils and similar to what is found for LNG engines. The main part of the particles can be found in the ultrafine range with the peak being at around 18 nm. About 93% of the particles are evaporated and absorbed when using a thermodenuder, and thus a large majority of the particles are volatile. Methanol is a potential future marine fuel that will reduce emissions of air pollutants and can be made as a biofuel to meet emission targets for greenhouse gases.

Keywords

Marine engine / Methanol / Shipping / Marine fuels / Emissions / Nitrogen oxides / Particulate matter

References

[1] Anderson M, Salo K, Fridell E. Particle- and gaseous emissions from an LNG powered ship. Environ Sci Technol, 2015, 49(20): 12568-12575

[2] Andersson K, Lindgren F, Brynolf S, Wilewska-Bien M. Shipping and the environment, 2016, Berlin: Springer

[3] Bengtsson S, Magnusson M, Fridell E, Andersson K. Review of the possibilities to comply with the coming ECA regulations through the use of abatement technologies or change of fuels. Transportation Research D, 2014, 28: 6

[4] Brewer TL. Black carbon emissions and regulatory policies in transportation. Energy Policy, 2019, 129: 1047-1055

[5] Brynolf S, Fridell E, Andersson K. Environmental assessment of marine fuels: LNG, LBG, methanol and bio-methanol. J Clean Prod, 2014, 74: 86-95

[6] Brynolf S, Taljegård M, Grahn M, Hansson J. Electrofuels for the transport sector: a review of production costs. Renew Sust Energ Rev, 2018, 81: 1887-1905

[7] Cooper D, Gustafsson T (2004) Methodology for calculating emissions from ships: 1. Update of emission factors. Available at https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1117198/FULLTEXT01.pdf

[8] Dekati (2010) Dekati FPS-4000, Fine Particle Sampler. www.dekati.com/products/Aerosol%20Sample%20Conditioning/Dekati%C2%AE%20FPS

[9] Delphi (2016) Worldwide emissions standards; heavy duty and off-highway vehicles. https://www.delphi.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/booklet%20emission%20heavy%20duty.pdf

[10] EU (2016) Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European parliament and of the Council on requirements relating to gaseous and particulate pollutant emission limits and type-approval for internal combustion engines for non-road mobile machinery

[11] Fridell E, Salo K. Measurements of abatement of particles and exhaust gases in a marine gas scrubber. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 2016, 230: 154

[12] IMO (2009). Revised Marpol Annex VI and NOx Technical Code 2008: Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships

[13] IMO (2018). Energy efficiency measures. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Technical-and-Operational-Measures.aspx

[14] Lehtoranta K, Aakko-Saksa P, Murtonen T, Vesala H, Ntiachristos L, Rönkkö T, Karjalainen P, Kuittinen N, Timonen H. Particulate mass and nonvolatile particle number emissions from marine engines using low-sulfur fuels, natural gas, or scrubbers. Environ Sci Technol, 2019, 53: 3315-3322

[15] MEPC (2018). Resolution MEPC304(72). Available at http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/GHG-Emissions.aspx

[16] Rodriguez AA, de Loera A, Powelson MH, Galloway MM, De Haan DO. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde increase aqueous-phase production of imidazoles in methylglyoxal/amine mixtures: quantifying a secondary organic aerosol formation mechanism. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2017, 4: 234-239

[17] Stenersen D, Thonstad O (2017) GHG and NO_X emissions from gas fuelled engines. SINTEF report OC2017 F-108

[18] Ushakov S, Stenersen D, Einang EM. Methane slip from gas fuelled ships: a comprehensive summary based on measurement data. J Marine Science and Technnology, 2019, 24: 1308-1325

[19] Winnes H, Fridell E. Particle emissions from ships: dependence on fuel type. J Air Waste Manage Assoc, 2009, 59: 1391-1398

[20] Winnes H, Moldanova J, Anderson M, Fridell E. On-board measurements of particle emissions from marine engines using fuels with different sulphur content. Proc IMechE Part M: J Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 2016, 230(1): 45-54

[21] Yao C, Pan W, Yao A. Methanol fumigation in compression-ignition engines: a critical review of recent academic and technological developments. Fuel, 2017, 209: 713-732

[22] Zanatta M, Gysel M, Bukowiecki N, Müller T, Weingartner E, Areskoug H, Fiebig M, Yttri KE, Mihalopoulos N, Kouvarakis GN, Beddows D, Harrison RM, Cavalli F, Putaud JP, Spindler G, Wiedensohler A, Alastuey A, Pandolfi M, Sellegri K, Swietlicki E, Jaffrezo JL, Baltensperger U, Laj P. A European aerosol phenomenology- 5: climatology of black carbon optical properties at 9 regional background sites across Europe. Atmos Environ, 2016, 145: 46-364

[23] Zetterdahl M, Salo K, Fridell E, Sjöblom J. Impact of aromatic concentration in marine fuels on particle emissions. J Mar Sci Appl, 2017, 16: 352-361