In order to establish a model between the grain size and the process parameters, the hot deformation behaviors of Ti-49.5Al alloy was investigated by isothermal compressive tests at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1 100 °C with strain rates of 10−3∓10−1 s−1. Within this range, the deformation behavior obeys the power law relationship, which can be described using the kinetic rate equation. The stress exponent, n, has a value of about 5.0, and the apparent activation energy is about 320 J/mol, which fits well with the value estimated in previous investigations. The results show that, the dependence of flow stress on the recrystallized grain size can be expressed by the equation: σ=K1drex−0.56. The relationship between the deformed microstructure and the process control parameter can be expressed by the formula: 1gdrex=−0.281 1gZ + 3.9081.
The phase equilibriua in the Ni-Re-Hf ternary system at 1173K were investigated by means of diffusion triple technique and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). The experimental results indicate that two ternary intermetallics (α and β) and five binary intermetallics (Ni3Hf, Ni10Hf7, Ni11Hf9, NiHf and NiHf2) exist in the Ni-Re-Hf system at 1 173 K. A tentative isothermal section of this system at 1 173 K was constructed on the basis of experimental results. The isothermal section consists of nine three-phase regions, five of which are supported by the experimental data.
By a sequentially selective extraction procedure, polysaccharides (PS) from cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima that can be bio-functionally healthy components were fractionated in four parts including the culture medium (PSCM), the external layers of the cell (PSEL), the cell wall (PSCW) and storage granules (PSSG). The four fractionated parts of polysaccharides were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) equipped with FID and fused-silica capillary column (15 m×0.53 mm i. d.). The contents of PSCM, PSEL, PSCW and PSSG were about 2.0%, 2.6%, 10.0% and 52.0% to cell dry matter, respectively. Glucose was almost the only monosaccharide in PSSG and PSCW and most predominant in PSEL, while in PSCM, xylose, rhamnose and glucose were the main ones. Two uronic acids represented by glucuronic acid and galacturoic acid, six neutral monosaccharides including fucose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose, and two possible unidentified sugars were found in PSEL and PSCM. These data are valuable for the selective productions of high-added value sugars from Spirulina.
A new technology of treating molybdenum residues by simultaneous ultrafine milling and alkali leaching was put forward to recover molybdenum from metallurgical residues. The effects of residue size, milling time, solid content, n(Na2CO3)/n(Mo) and slurry pH value on molybdenum leaching rate were investigated. The results indicate that a simpler process, lower slurry temperature, 50% shorter treating time, 60% decrease of Na2CO3 content and 15% increase of molybdenum leaching rate can be obtained by the new technology compared with the traditional process. The leaching kinetic equation was determined, and calculation of active energy (E=56.2 kJ/mol) shows that the leaching process of molybdenum residues by simultaneous ultrafine milling and alkali leaching is controlled by chemical reaction. Potential exists for the new process to form the basis for an economically viable, environmentally friendly process to recover valuable elements from residues.
In the light of the knowledge gained by the study of electrochemical flotation for galena and selective flotation of galena from lead-zinc-iron sulfide ores, a technology for accurate potential control based on intrinsic electrochemical behavior in grinding-flotation systems has been developed and is called “Original Potential Flotation (OPF)”. The optimum conditions for the original potential flotation of galena from Pb-Zn-Fe sulfide ores are as follows: pH values of 12.5–12.8, potential of 150–180 mV and with diethyldithioncarbamate (DDTC) as collector. Lime is used as a regulator of pH, meanwhile, and can stabilize special potential very well, and this special potential is exactly the flotation potential of galena. This technology has been applied successfully in potential-control flotation of galena in many complex lead-zinc-iron sulfide mines in China.
Three new chiral stationary phases, 2,6-di-O-heptyl-3-O-trimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin (DHTBCD), 2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-trimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin (DPTBCD) and 2,6-di-O-butyl-3-O-trimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin (DBTBCD), were synthesized. Chromatographic properties such as column efficiency, thermal stability and column life span, were studied. The separations of enantiomers, such as ketone, esters, alcohols and olefines, were investigated on the alkylated and silylated β-cyclodextrin stationary phases. The influence of diluent on chiral separation was studied. The experimental results indicate that the stationary phases show good chromatographic properties in separating enantiomers. It is observed that inclusion complexation and hydrogen bonding interaction hardly play a role in separating enantiomers.
A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of seven trace impurities (Cd, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe and Ni) in high-purity cobalt oxide by ICP-AES. The matrix effect was eliminated by precipitation with 1-nitroso-2-naphthol. The matrix effect of cobalt on the absorptions of trace impurities, the effects of reaction time, pH value, dosage of precipitant on the formation of cobalt-1-nitroso-2-naphthol complex, the effects of hydrochloric acid on the stability of this complex and masking of elements were studied. Recoveries of the impurities in spiked sample are from 90% to 110% with a precision of 1.1%–5.0% RSD. The detection limits of the seven elements are in the range of 0.01–0.24µg/g. The method can be applied to the analysis of high-purity cobalt metal, cobalt oxide and other cobalt compounds.
A method of recovering indium from complex smelting residue containing indium was investigated. Indium was extracted by technique of low acid leaching and solvent extraction. The conditions of separating iron and indium were studied and the optimal conditions were determined. When the residue is two-class-countercurrent leached with 2 mol/L H2SO4 and 30–40 g/L NaCl at 100 °C, the leaching rate of indium is 80%. The extraction rate of indium is over 98% and that of iron is less than 5% after it is third-class-countercurrent extracted by P204, and when sulfonated kerosene is used as solvent, acidity in aqueous phase remains the same as that of leaching liquid, and phase is for 1:3. Using 2 mol/L HCl as back-extraction agent, with phase ratio being 5:1, by third-class-countercurrent back-extraction, the back-extraction rate of indium is over 99%, but that of iron is very low, which can meet the need of separating indium and iron.
The behavior of antimony oxidation in the solution of sodium thioantimonite was studied in the presence of catalytic agents. The catalytic effects of the respective addition of cupric sulfate, sodium tartrate, potassium permanganate, phenol, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and their combination on the oxidation of sodium thioantimonite were investigated. A pilot test was carried out. The results show that the respective use of sodium tartrate, cupric sulfate, potassium permanganate, phenol and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene have little catalytic effect on the oxidation of sodium thioantimonite. However there exists obvious catalytic oxidation by the combination of 0.25 g/L 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 0.5 g/L potassium permanganate and 1.0 g/L phenol. Moreover, high blast intensity, the increase of temperature and NaOH concentration favor the oxidation of antimony. The oxidation process of antimony has such advantages as quick reaction and low operation costs. The results of the pilot test are consistent with those of laboratory experiments.
This paper demonstrates the channels and methods for location prognosis of concealed ore deposits (bodies) in the deep-seated and surrounding districts of productive mines in accordance with their special features. The system frame map is built, from quick exploration in the field to the rapid building of a model indoors. The main research points of location prognosis are also discussed in the paper, which include: 1) integrating the location with the surrounding geological areas, microscopic with macroscopic; 2) analyzing and synthesizing all geological information of different levels, depths and aspects; 3) laying stress on mineralization series; 4) paying attention to the study of the distribution law of ore bodies; 5) introducing the theory of nonlinear dynamics of ore forming processes to ordinary static prognosis; 6) the necessity of the geophysical method in recovering information of concealed ore bodies; 7) the combination of all kinds of geology, geophysics, geochemistry and remote -sensing methods.
The present problem of mining of narrow and gentle dip vein was analyzed. A new technique of rapidly following curtain filling was put forward. The results show that the new technique is feasible, has the characteristic to make the whole curtain wall filter, makes relative density of the filling tailings slurry reach saturation of 78.0%–80.0% in 25 min, and keeps the roof of mined-out space stable in 60 min. The new technique of the rapidly following curtain filling has solved the difficult problem of the filling body filtering slowly and promptly controlling underground pressure, which cannot be solved in traditional ways.
Understanding the relation between multiple agents is very important in developing a multi-agent system. Two concepts, multi-agent system architecture and multi-agent system architecture prototype are brought forward, and the method of descrbing the relation between agents using the concepts is explored. The structure and components are designed. Based on the fact that cooperation between distributed agents is erratic, a controlled natural language communication function is designed and realized. Applying the offered interfaces, the user’s workload consumed in agent communication and management is reduced, and at the same time, robustness of the multi-agent system is improved.
A new kind of optimal fuzzy PID controller is proposed, which contains two parts. One is an online fuzzy inference system, and the other is a conventional PID controller. In the fuzzy inference system, three adjustable factors xp, xi, and xd are introduced. Their functions are to further modify and optimize the result of the fuzzy inference so as to make the controller have the optimal control effect on a given object. The optimal values of these adjustable factors are determined based on the ITAE criterion and the Nelder and Mead’s flexible polyhedron search algorithm. This optimal fuzzy PID controller has been used to control the executive motor of the intelligent artificial leg designed by the authors. The result of computer simulation indicates that this controller is very effective and can be widely used to control different kinds of objects and processes.
Using the negative eigenvalue theory and the infinite order perturbation theory, a new method was developed to solve the eigenvectors of disordered systems. The result shows that eigenvectors change from the extended state to the localized state with the increase of the site points and the disordered degree of the system. When electric field is exerted, the electrons transfer from one localized state to another one. The conductivity is induced by the electron transfer. The authors derive the formula of electron conductivity and find the electron hops between localized states whose energies are close to each other, whereas localized positions differ from each other greatly. At low temperature the disordered system has the character of the negative differential dependence of resistivity and temperature.
An artificial intelligence technique was applied to the optimization of flux-adding systems and airblasting systems, the display of on-line parameters, forecasting of mass and compositions of slag in the slagging period, optimization of cold material-adding systems and air-blasting systems, the display of on-line parameters, and the forecasting of copper mass in the copper blow period in copper smelting converters. They were integrated to build the Intelligent Decision Support System of the Operation-Optimization of Copper Smelting Converter (IDSSOOCSC), which is self-learning and self-adaptating. Development steps, monoblock structure and basic functions of the IDSSOOCSC were introduced. After it was applied in a copper smelting converter, every production quota was clearly improved after IDSSOOCSC had been run for 4 months. Blister copper productivity is increased by 6%, processing load of cold input is increased by 8% and average converter life-span is improved from 213 to 235 furnace times.
The author studied the existence of positive solutions of the delay logistic difference equation