The biocompatibility evaluation of calcium phosphate based biomaterials is performed by tissue culture in vitro model. Three kinds of bioceramic materials which are potential to deal with bone trauma and/or conduct tissue growth are recommodated. The biological research results show that human and animal osteoblast cells anchor the materials surface in two hours in culture. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) demonstrated the normal cell distribution and proliferation on both of dense and porous biomaterials. Hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate stimulate cell proliferation. However, DNA and protein synthesis were considerably limited and the apoptosis phenomenon would be present on the hydroxyapatite (HA) materials by adding Al, Mg elements. Several important methods of biocompatibility evaluation of implant materials are described and the related biological molecular techniques such as tissue culture, cell transfection, cellular DNA stain, and Lowry assay are involved in the present research.
A TiAl base alloy ingot with a height-to-diameter ratio of 2.2 was broken down by multiple step canned forging. The microstructures after every deformation and subsequent recrystallization were observed by optical microscopy. Results show that at the first step the reduction should be carefully controlled in case of double-bulge and crack of the ingot. After the first annealing, recrystallization occurred at the deformed grain boundaries and inside the grain. The recrystallized microstructure is favorable for further deformation. After the second deformation and annealing, coarsening of the lamellae occurred and the microstructure became equiaxed. By the final deformation and subsequent recrystallization, the coarse lamellar colony can be refined to about 20 µm, and homogeneous microstructure was obtained from the ingot with a large initial height-to-diameter ratio.
A series of simple axisymmetric compression tests were carried out on the computer servo-controlled Gleeble 1 500 machine when strain rates ranged between 0.05–25 s−1 and deformation temperature 300–500 °C. The results show that flow stress is related to the Zener-Hollonom parameter Z and strain, as well as the static recrystallization fraction between passes during multipass hot deformation of 5182 aluminum alloy. Hence, a modified exponential flow stress equation was presented by considering the values of InA and β as functions of strain, and by using the uniform softening method and incorporating the static recrystallization fraction between passes to consider the effects of residual strain during multipass hot-rolling of 5182 aluminum alloy. The validity of the equation was examined by a typical non-isothermal multipass deformation test.
Dispersion of ultrafine alumina suspension is examined by using particle size analyzer. The zeta potential and contact angle measurements were used to discuss the electrokinetic behavior and surface wettability of alumina in modifier solution, and to calculate the electrostatic interfacial intheraction forces between alumina particles. The aggregation of ultrafine alumina occurs near its PZC. Addition of modifier increases the zeta potential of alumina and its surface hydrophilicity, resulting in increase of electrostatic and hydration repulsion. It makes the suspension of ultrafine alumina completely dispersed. The average particle size of the suspension is decreased from 1.73 µm in absence of modifier to 0.8 µm in the presence of tripolyphosphate. According to polar interfacial interaction approach, the hydration forces responsible for the stability of alumina suspension in the presence of modifier have also been obtained. The extended DLVO theory is successful to describe the dispersion behavior of ultrafine alumina in modifier solution.
The paper thermodynamically examined the behavior of various copper minerals in cyanide solutions and investigated the influence of copper minerals on cyanide leaching of gold. In elucidating the influence of copper minerals on cyanide leaching of gold, copper minerals were classified into two types according to their solubility in cyanide solutions by proposing two concepts, cyaniding easily soluble copper (ECu) and cyaniding insoluble copper. The former involves copper occurrence in metal, oxides and secondary sulfides, and the latter refers mainly to primary sulfides. Experimental results show that not all the total copper in an ore affected cyanide leaching of gold, while cyaniding easily soluble copper turns out to be the decisive factor that interferes with gold cyanidation by causing decrease in gold cyanidation recovery and increase in cyanide consumption. When cyaniding easily soluble copper content (wE(Cu)) lies in the range of 0–0.25%, it linearly affects gold cyanidation recovery (R) as well as cyanide consumption (mc). The regression equations have been worked out to be R(%)=94.177 5−142.735 7 wE(Cu) with a correlation coefficient of −0.902 and mc=5.590 7 +33.572 9 wE(Cu) with a correlation coefficient of 0.945, respectively.
Mineral compositions and microstructures of fluorine-bearing magnetite concentrate and vanadiumtitanomagnetite concentrate are studied. The results show that a boride and a catalytic oxidation agent have great effects on ameliorating the mineral compositions and microstructures of these sinters, and the catalytic agent is more effective. Comparing these two kinds of ores, the performance of fluorine-bearing magnetite concentrate is better. Addition of 0.01% catalyst into fluorine-bearing magnetite concentrate can increase calcium ferrite content from 15%–20% up to 34%–39%, and its microstructure changes from large cavities and thin framework into intermediate cavities and thick framework, and the microcracks disappear.
The paper studies the probability of industrial application of vibration liquefaction of bulk solid from the opposite point of view, and proposing turning its harmful effects into benefits. Utilizing a new device of vibration liquefaction and by compacting saturated bulk solid, a set of additional device for experiment was designed. These experiments examined the problems related to vibration liquefaction of fine-ores and tailings on the basis of DSA-1 type direct shear apparatus, including models of straight tubes, curved tubes and a sandbox. The changing properties of tailings under vibration and the mechanism of vibration liquefaction and compacting of tailings were studied, and future application of the technique to mines has been put forward.
Originated in the early 1990s, SCGM(1,m)c model has enjoyed widespread application in the fields of urban planning, society economy prediction and modal control in recent years. However, none of these applications have taken account of time-lag effects in the modeling process. Aiming at overcoming the defect, the authors introduced time-lag items into SCGM(1,m)c model and developed a SCGM(1,m)c model with time-lag, then discusses in detail some principal problems in the model, such as parameters estimation, model verifying, model prediction, etc. The model was used on a real slope monitoring project and compared with the conventional SCGM(1,m)c model. The results show an improvement of average models precision from 1.321 to 0.238 and total average of relative prediction errors from 12.41% to 7.98% when the modeling data length ranges from 29 to 48 in the slope monitoring case.
The Yunnan Himalayan alkaline-rich porphyry occurs as a compound rockbelt and consists of calca-alkalic, alkaline and peralkaline intrusions. Its origin is in debate. The paper deals with its origin by studying rock’s REE and Sr isotope. Although the rocks are different in their REE contents varying from 77.53 µg/g to 1 798.3 µg/g, they have very similar features in REE parameters. On the triangalar diagram of REEs, the sample dots are concentrated on the end area of light REEs, representing a product of low-degree melting of upper mantle or lower crust materials. The initial 87Sr/86Sr values of rocks vary between 0.706 4 and 0.709 8, showing a feature of mantle-crust mixed source. Moreover, REEs show a logarithmic linear positive correlation between them. This type of correlation strongly supports the fractional-partial melting model. The result of geochemistry inversion shows that the source rock of alkaline-rich porphyry is plagioclase-bearing harzburgite and of mantle-crust mixed type. At the early state of melting, some crust components of the source rock were partially melted into intermediate-acidic magma; with the crust components consumed, the magma evolved to basic.
The separation of cobalt and nickel in the ammoniacal sulfate solution by non-equilibrium solvent extraction with a phosphate (P303) as extractant was studied. In the experiment, the effects of equilibrium pH value in aqueous phase, contact time of the two phases, the air-blowing time for feed liquor in the open beaker on percentage extraction of cobalt and nickel and percentage reextraction of nickel from the loaded organic phase with dilute H2SO4. etc were studied. The results showed that: Co(II) can be oxidized to Co(III)-ammino-complex by adding (NH4)2S2O8 or blowing air to the aqueous phase, and Co(III)-ammino-complex is a kind of kinetically inert complex. Its extractive speed is very slow, while the nickel’s is much faster than that of cobalt. By controlling the contact time of the two phases, nickel can be separated from cobalt by non-equilibrium solvent extraction. Then nickel was reextracted from the loaded organic phase with dilute H2SO4.
p-nitrophenol is synthesized using p-nitrochlorobenzene and sodium hydroxide with phase transfer catalyst. Several reaction factors, such as catalyst type, the amounts of catalysts and sodium hydroxide, the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution as well as reaction time, affect greatly the yield of p-nitrophenol. The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: A-1 used as phase transfer catalyst whose consumption is 6% (mole fraction) of p-nitrochlorobenzene; the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide to p-nitrochlorobenzene is 3:1; the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution is 50% (mass fraction). Nitrobenzene, whose molar amount is 2.45 times as much as that of p-nitrochlorobenzene; reaction time is 7 h at 140 °C under normal pressure. The final yield of p-nitrophenol is 83.6%.
An insoluble β-cyclodextrin polymer cross-linked with epichlorohydrin was prepared, and its structure was identified with infrared spectrum. Colloid stationary phase was prepared by dissolving the polymer in the mixed solvent of diisopropyl ether, methylene dichloride and benzene and treated for 0.5 h by ultrasonication, and then was coated on a fused silica capillary column. The optimun reaction conditions are as follows: the mole ratio of epichlohydrin to β-cyclodextrin is 12.1:1, reacting at 65 °C for 24 h. The Chromatographic performance such as column efficiency, thermal stabilities and polarity were studied, two kinds of disubstituted benzene isomers and eight pairs of enantiomers were separated on the capillary column. The results show that the β-cyclodextrin polymer is suitable for use as a capillary gas chromatographic stationary phase, and possess excellent chromatographic properties in separating enantiomers and position isomers.
An indirect method, Angstroms method was adopted and an instrument was designed to determine the thermal conductivity of magnesium metal and alloys. Angstroms method is an axial periodic heat flow technique by which the thermal diffusivity can be measured directly. Then thermal conductivity can be obtained with relation to thermal diffusivity. Compared with the recommended data from the literature the fitted values of the thermal diffiusivity correspond with 3%, and the credible probability of the thermal conductivity in the range of 0–450 °C is about 95%. The method is applicable in the given temperature range.
The valuable metals in the dust can be recycled by mixing it with reducing agent carbon and lignosulfonate as the binder to make pellets, then returning the pellets to electric arc furnace (EAF) and adding ferro-silicon. Part of valuable metals in the dust is reduced by carbon and part of them reduced by ferro-silicon for the economical consideration. The reduced metals get into the steel in the stainless steel or special steel production. But the sulfur in the lignosulfonate may affect the quality of produced steel, which is dependent on the status of the smelting slag. The experiments were conducted in the way of changing the ratio of start iron, pellets, ferro-silicon and lime. The content of the slag was checked by XRF for the calculation thermodynamics study. The active concentrations of materials in the slag, the slag abilities of oxidation and sulfur removal in EAF dust reduction process were determined by thermodynamics calculation study on CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2-S slag at 1 550 °C. The oxidation ability of slag can be expressed as N(FeO)=N(FetO)+6N(Fe2O3)+8N(Fe3O4). The sulfur removal ability is dependent on the amount of added ferro-silicon and the basicity of the slag. The calculation thermodynamics model was set up and it could be applied to the practical production.
The paper introduces some technology for training, simulation, restoration expert system of power grid, the structure of the system including function composition, hardware and software composition are discussed, knowledge representation and the method to establish device graphical library for expert system are given, the fault setting and diagnosis for training and simulation as well as restoration technology with deep first searching arithmetic and heuristic inference are presented. The research provides a good base for developing the training, simulation, restoration system of power companies.