The original and postnatal scale patterns of guard hairs were compared. The comparisons illustrate that acquired morphological changes take place in the scales on the coarse section of guard hairs. Scales on this part changes from regular smooth to irregular wave. The primary reason would be friction. Scales on the lower part of guard hairs are thick and strong to bear friction. Additionally, they are berried in the bottom layer of pelage where friction is avoided. Scales on the coarse section are thin, broad, dense and overlap, and exposed in the environment as a cover of pelage. So friction always happen on them. Factors which enhance coefficient of friction and weaken keratin bonds are combined to damage hair scales. The results suggest that regular smooth and irregular wave are actually the same type exhibiting the same origin morphological characters, so they should be counted together in the species identification.

Semen characteristics of naturally fertile pairs and their correlation with fertility of eggs in Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pratensis) were examined. Six pairs were used in this experiment, and all of them that had bred before were housed in open individual pens. These pairs were isolated physically each other but not visually and audibly. Semen was collected twice (Tuesday morning and Friday afternoon) from February 26 to June 4, 1993. The standard methods at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center were used collecting and evaluating the semen and spermatozoa, and incubating the eggs. There were statistically individual variations (p<0.05) about successful collecting attempts, semen volume, semen concentration, spermatozoon’s motility, spermatozoon’s number per collection, live spermatozoon’s number, male’s response to semen collection, and morphology of spermatozoa except the giant cell. There was a significantly (p<0.05, correlation coefficient was (0.73 or (1.00) negative correlation between fertility of eggs and, the multiple value of semen (sperm) characteristics of naturally fertile pairs in Florida sandhill crane.

Statistical analysis of certain major diseases lethal to the animal was carried out through on-spot investigations and consultations to related documentary materials. The results show that the first serious lethal factor is digestive system diseases. Next comes malnutrition and organic exhaustion. In order of decremental percentages, other diseases are roundworm disease, epilepsy, toxicosis, pneumonia, tumor, pericarditis, etc., In relation to 54 wild giant pandas taken for statistics, the death of malnutrition, organic exhaustion caused accounts for 42.78%. In order of reducing percentages, other diseases are roundworm disease, toxicosis, epilepsy, etc., Based on the statistics of 22 penned giant pandas, the death out of the digestive system diseases comes first, accounting for 63.64%. Other diseases in order of decremental proportion are epilepsy, organic exhaustion, etc., Gastroenteric hemorrhage is one of the highest mortality in digestive system diseases, the next comes orderly roundworm disease, hemorrhage, gatroenteritis and intestinal obstruction. The mortality of the sub-adults is the highest, accounting for 64.29%, or 2.6 times as that of the adults, or 7 times as that of the aged giant pandas. Some prevention measures of diseases for Giant pandas were also discussed in this paper.

A trial of artificial incubation to great bustard (Otis tarda) egg was conducted from 1995 to 1997. Among the 45 collected eggs, 28 eggs were fertilized and 26 hatched, with fertilizing rate 62.2% and incubation rate 92.85%. The mean incubation-days for great bustard egg was confirmed as 24.4 (21–28 days) with the formula for caculating fresh egg weight (W=KwLB ²) and that for counting the incubated days by parents birds in field (Id=24(w−y)/0.144y). The proper incubation temperature and relative humidity were 36–37.8°C and 50–65%, respectively. The egg weights and egg size average 130.45 g and 77.4±1.42×55.5±0.65 mm respectively. The total weight loss of egg was 18.38±0.646 g, daily weight loss 0.748±0.071 g in the incubation time, with a weight loss rate of 13.6±1.02%. A linear regression equation to discribe the relationship between the egg weight and incubation days, was built,y=130.73−0.619x (x-incubation day,y-egg weight) r=−0.978. Twenty-eight hours were nassassary for great bustard embryo to complete the fledging when the were put in gas room. The mean weight of fledglings was 86.3±3.29 g(n=26).

Ultra-micro structure of eggshell was observed and compositions of eggshell and feather were analyzed. The results showed that the structure of eggshell has special characters besides common structure. The content of poisonous elements in wild great bustard (Otis tarda) eggshell and feather is significant lower than that in eggshell of crested ibes(Nipponia nippon) and in feather of red crown crane(Grus japonesis) because of less disturbance by people. The contents of 14 elements of female’s feather all are higher than those of male’s.

Four isozymes, such as Malate dehydrogenase (MDH), Alchol dehydrogenase (ADH), Peroxidae (POD) and Esterase (EST) in six tissues (heart, liver, kidney, muscle, eye, gonad) ofMartes zibellina L., were analyzed by means of vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results indicated that the zymograms of these four isozymes in different tissues were different from each other, i.e. there existed apparent tissue-specificitity in these isozymes inMartes zibellina L.. Characteristic enzyme band was found both in POD zymogram and in EST zymogram. Moreover, the characteristic enzyme band in POD isozyme would be of some value to sexual identification ofMartes zibellina L.

The authors discussed the administrative system of export quota and its method of calculation in the international wildlife trade. Three methods for determining wildlife export quota in China was put forward, based on the trend and status, domestic use, and historical export of wildlife resources. They include the single factor method, the double factor method, and the multiple factor method. In addition, the approaches and measures to establish and carry out the administrative system of wildlife export quota in China were discussed in this paper.

Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance, snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows: the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands. According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Dailing Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades.

The normal bacterial floras in intestinal tract of ring-necked pheasant were investigated. Eight age groups were chosen. Samples of intestines were diluted in 10 fold series and incubated on different selective media. After incubation, aimed bacterial colonies were counted then the number of CFU/g of gut inclusions was evaluated. The data were analyzed in statistics. The physiological values of eight main normal bacterial floras were obtained. The eubiosis of normal bacterial floras in intestinal tract of ring-necked pheasant was established from its age of 10 days old to 30 days old. The dominant bacterial floras were bifidobacterium, lactobacillus and bacteroideceae.

This paper reported karyotypes of the Hobby and Kestrel collected from the suburb of Qiqihaer City. These karyotypes were compared and analyzed, on the basis of the study of karyotypes of nine birds species in Falconiformes by Bian Xiaozhuang and Li Qingwei. It was considered that differences in habits of birds and ecological environment not only cause falcons to differ from others, but also differences in a genus, even within a species. This difference may result from fusion of microchromosomes.

Four adult Hedgehogs (Erinaceus euopaeus) (two males and two females) captured from field were used in this test. The samples were quickly taken after killing, and fixed with 10% neutral HCHO. Paraffin sections were done along with HE dying. The results showed that their oesophagus were composed of stratified squamous epithelium, with light monkeiatinized shallow cell and well developed oesophageal glands. There are circular wrinkled wall and intestinal villus on the mucosa of the small intestine with developed small intestinal glands, long and thick intestinal villi in the duodenum, where exists Paneth cell on the basis of intestinal glands. It has isolated lymph nodule in the proper layer of the intestinum jejunum, as well as assemble lymph nodule in the proper layer of mucosa of the ileum. The number of lymph nodule in large intestine increases as compared with others, in which there is longitudinal wrinkled wall, but no intestinal villi. More developed large intestinal glands can be seen, where the cup cell rises gradually from forward to backward along intestinal system. In addition, there is no very clear boundary among liver lobule because the connective tissue among it is not developed well, and so does pancreas.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) exhibits a variety of biological activities and it be thought to involved in various pathophysiological process. In this paper, some studies were summarized about those roles of PAF in a variety productive processes of female of mammalian that include fertilization, implantation and parturition, and that was involved in the concentration, degradation and some assay methods of PAF. The relationship between PAF and early pregnancy factor(EPF was reviewed.

The study on winter food constitution of Mongolian gazella (Procapra gutturosa) was conducted in Hulunbeir grassland(Xinbarhuyou Banner, Hulunbeir League, Inner Mongolia) from spring 1994 to summer 1995. With microhistological analysis technique of feces, 21 plant species were identified to be availlable for Mongolian gazella as forage in winter and their nutritive trait were analyzed. Some foraging behavior of Mongolian gazella were also discribed.

The fat production rate in adult healthy masked civet(Paguma lavata) and nutria (Myocaster coypus) oil were measured. The values of iodine, saponification and acid pH, composition of fatty acids of grease were analyzed both chemically and by apparatus. The results showed that acid pH, iodine value, saponification value, and unsaturation point are 1.887 and 0.784, 53.90 and 48.32, 98.80 and 100.23, and 60.05% and 58.85% are respectively for masked civet’s fat and nutria’s oil. Both of masked civet’s fat and nutria’s oil contain a little of Eicosatetraenoic acid (C-20∶4), which is of great significance in nutrition and metabolism for human body. The analysis results indicate that masked civet’s oil is similar to nutria’s oil in iodine value, saponification value and unsaturation point. Both masked civet’s fat and nutria’s oil are steady and have highly nutrition. They can be widely exploited and utilized in health protection and cosmetics made industry.

In this paper, 4N-HCLAIA method was adopted to conduct digestive tests in young female and male Dongtian F₁ red deer (Cervus elaphus) of rearing seperately in growth period and mixed raising in weaning period in Harbin Specialty Research Institute. Results indicated that digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 95.35% and 73.68% respectively when rational protein content was 26.8% in growth period, Digestive rate was not significantly different between female and male(P>0.05); During weaning period, when rational crude protein content is 22.06%, digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 93.05% and 63.96%, respectively. The tests suggest that higher rational protein can be effective in accelerating growth of young Dongtian F₁ red deer during growth period and weaning period(before 10 months old).

Several statistic indexes including pelt weight, pelt area, skin thickness length of hair, fineness of hair and hair density, were adopted in the evaluation of winter pelt quality of blue frost fox and their parents. Results showed that some indexes of qualitative characters of blue frost fox were the medium between blue fox and silver fox, and some were superior to them.

In this paper we determined the northern boundaries of rhinoceros distribution in different historic stages base on our previous study results of rhinoceros extinction process in China. With Logistic equation, the environmental carrying capacity was explored and a spatial-temporal model for rhinoceros extinction was established.

The food habits of Wild ass (Equus hemionus) and Goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) in kalamaili Ungulate Reserve in autumn was described, based on the investigation conducted in 1992. Wild ass was much concentrated around water sources, and had more food resource than Goitred gezelle. The quagmires in the reserve were critical conditions as food and water bases for both species. In terms of present survey, it was estimated that 680 Wild ass and 8840 Goitred gazelle lived in this reserve.

The recent distribution status of Willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) in China was studied by picture issuing, interview and on-the-spot investigation from 1992 to 1997. Results showed that Willow ptarmigan was a critically endangered species in China. It was distributed rarely in the northwestern region of the Daxing’an Mountains. Willow ptarmigan found in China belonged toL. I. serebrosky in sub-species position.

As one of five survived tiger subspecies, the South-China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) specially disperses in China. This paper dedicated distribution and quantity of wild South-China tiger, and also introduced distribution, quantity and pedigree of captive South-China tiger. In the middle of this century, about several thousands South-China tiger distributed in following provinces, such as Hunan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Hubei, Sichuan, Henan, Shanxi, Shanxi, Gansu. etc. Until now, there are only about 20–30 wild South-China tigers distributing in the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Hunan, Sichuan, and 50 captive South-China tiger are raised in zoos of China.

Great bustard is one of the enelangered species in China. It breeds in China. The breeding area is not complete, but scattered, which is from the northeast of Neimenggu grassland to the sand land of Hulunbeier. This breeding areas are isolated by Daxing’an Mountain, which are Neimeng, Songnen Plain and Kerqin sand land. The total area is about 7810 km². The estimated total number of Great Bustands in the Northeast area of China is 377 birds.