Antioxidant, nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Garcinia kola and Chrysophyllum albidum from rainforest ecosystem of Ondo State, Nigeria

Abstract

Tropical forests contain many tree species that have supplied edible fruits for centuries. These fruits have contributed to human diets due to their richness in nutrients, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and their low anti-nutrients content. We investigated the antioxidant, nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Garcinia kola and Chrysophyllum albidum fruit parts. The nutritional, anti-nutritional and antioxidant compositions differed depending on the fruit part. Irrespective of fruit part, moisture content was high (72–93 %). While the edible part (fruit pulp) of C. albidum proved a better source of protein (4), fibre (17 %) and fat (2 %), the seed kernel was a better source of ash (2 %) and carbohydrate (15 %). Carbohydrate (22 %), protein (2 %), fat (1 %) and fibre (3 %) were higher in G. kola seed kernel (edible part) than in the pulp and pod. Anti-nutrient content in G. kola and C. albidum fruits was low, indicating that their consumption would not pose nutritional or health problems. The antioxidant compositions (especially phenolic content (10–21 mg·g⁻¹) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl–2 picrylhydrazyl) (26–55 %)) of C. albidum fruit pulp and G. kola seed kernel were high, implying that they could be good sources of natural antioxidants and could be used as supplements in food manufacturing.

Keywords

Forest food trees / Livelihood / Antioxidant / Nutritional supplement / Tropical forests / Garcinia kola / Chrysophyllum albidum / Nigeria

References

[1] Abidemi TA, Adebayo OJ, Idowu O, Agbotoba MO. Nutrient content and anti-nutritional factors in shea butter (Butryospermum parkii) leaves. Afr J Biotechnol, 2009, 8(21): 5888-5890.

[2] Adebisi AA (2004) A case study of Garcinia kola production-to-consumption system in J4 of Omo forest reserve, southwestern Nigeria. In: Sunderland T, Ndoye O (eds) Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: Case studies of non-timber forest product systems, Vol 2-Africa. Centre for International Forestry Research, Jakarta, pp 115–132. Available at http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/NTFPAfrica/TOC-Chapter6.PDF. Accessed 14 Nov 2014

[3] Adegoke GO, Kumar MV, Sambaiah K, Lokesh BR. Inhibitory effect of Garcinia kola on the lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate. India J Exp Biol, 1998, 36: 907-910.

[4] Adepoju OT. Proximate composition and micronutrient potentials of three locally available wild fruits in Nigeria. Afr J Agric Res, 2009, 4(9): 887-892.

[5] Amusa NA, Ashaye OA, Oladapo MO. Biodeterioration of the African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) in storage and the effect on its food value. Afr J Biotechnol, 2003, 2(3): 56-59.

[6] AOAC Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemist, 2005 18 Maryland: AOAC International Gaithersburg

[7] Ayuk ET, Duguma B, Franzel S, Kengue J, Mollet M, Tiki-Manga T, Zenkeng P. Uses, management and economic potential of Irvingia gabonensis in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. For Ecol Manag, 1999, 113: 1-9.

[8] Barany M, Hammett AL, Sene A, Amicher B. Nome timber forest benefits and HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa. J For, 2001, 99: 36-42.

[9] Birk Y, Bondi A, Gestetner B, Ishaya IA. Thermostable hemolytic factor in soybeans. Natural, 1963, 197: 1089-1090.

[10] Borokini TI. A systematic compilation of IUCN red-listed threatened plant species in Nigeria. Int J Environ Sci, 2014, 3(3): 104-133.

[11] Cao GH, Sofic E, Prior LR. Antioxidant capacity of tea and common vegetables. J Agric Food Chem, 1996, 44(11): 3426-3431.

[12] Capasso A. Antioxidant action and therapeutic efficacy of Allium sativum L. Molecules, 2013, 18: 690-700.

[13] Chen CW, Ho CT. Antioxidant properties of polyphenols extracted from green and black teas. J Food Lipids, 1995, 2: 35-46.

[14] Dosunmu MI, Johnson EC. Chemical evaluation of the nutritive value and changes in ascorbic acid content during storage of the fruit of ‘bitter kola’ (Garcinia kola). Food Chem, 1995, 54: 67-71.

[15] Edem DO, Eka OU, Ifon ET. Chemical Evaluation of the value of the fruit of African Star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum). Food Chem, 1984, 14: 303-311.

[16] Enujiugha VN. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity of phenolic from African locust bean seeds (Parkia biglobosa). Adv Food Sci, 2010, 32(2): 88-93.

[17] FAO (2011) Fruit trees and useful plants in Amazonian life. In: Shanley P, Cymerys M, Serra M, Medina M (eds) Non-wood forest products 20. FAO, CIFOR and People and Plants International. FAO and CIFOR, Rome, p 353. Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2360e/i2360e.pdf. Accessed 28 Oct 2013

[18] Farombi EO. African indigenous plants with chemotherapeutic potentials and biotechnological approach to the production of bioactive prophylactic agents. Afr J Biotechnol, 2003, 2: 662-671.

[19] FORMECU (1999) Forest resources study, Nigeria. Revised national report, Vol. 2. Prepared for FORMECU by Beak and Geomatics International. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Department of Forestry, Abuja, Nigeria, p 224

[20] Frazier WC, Westhoff DC. Food microbiology, 1988 4 New York: Tata McGraw Hill Inc., 540.

[21] Getachew A, Kelbessa U, Dawit D. Ethnobotanical study of edible indigenous plants in some selected districts of Ethiopia. Hum Ecol, 2005, 33(1): 83-118.

[22] Gulati V, Harding AH, Palombo EA (2012) Enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of traditional medicinal plants: potential application in the management of hyperglycemia. BMC Complement Altern Med 12:77. www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/77 (please read the example for reference format)

[23] Hamid AA, Aiyelaagbe OO, Usman LA, Ameen OM, Lawal A. Antioxidants: its medicinal and pharmacological applications. Afr J Pure Appl Chem, 2010, 4(8): 142-151.

[24] Heimler D, Vignolini P, Dini MG, Romani A. Rapid tests to assess the antioxidant activity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. dry beans. J Agric Food Chem, 2005, 53: 3053-3056.

[25] Heinritz SN, Hoedtke S, Martens SD, Peters M, Zeyner A (2012) Evaluation of ten tropical legume forages for their potential as pig feed supplement. Livest Res Rural Dev 24(1). Article #7. Available at http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/1/hein24007.htm. Accessed 09 Dec 2013

[26] Hudson BJF, El-Difrawi EA. The sapogenins of the seeds of four lupin species. J Plant Foods, 1979, 3: 181-186.

[27] Keay RWJ (1989). Trees of Nigeria. A revised version of “Nigerian Trees” (Keay et al 1964). Clarendon press, Oxford, p 476

[28] Kuhnlein HV. Nutrient values in indigenous wild berries used by the Nuxalk people of Bella Coola, British Columbia. J Food Compos Anal, 1989, 2: 28-36.

[29] Larrauri JA, Gõni I, Martin-Carrón N, Rupérez P, Saura-Calixto F. Measurement of health-promoting properties in fruit dietary fibres, antioxidant capacity, fermentability and glucose retardation index. J Sci Food Agric, 1996, 71: 515-519.

[30] Leakey RRB. Potential for novel food products from agroforestry trees: a review. Food Chem, 1999, 66: 1-14.

[31] Leakey RRB, Tchoundjeu Z, Schreckenberg K, Shackleton SE, Shackleton CM. Agroforestry tree products (AFTPs): targeting poverty reduction and enhanced livelihoods. Int J Agric Sustain, 2005, 3: 1-23.

[32] Lee MJ, Pate JS, Harris DJ, Atkins CA. Synthesis, transport and accumulation of quinolizidine alkaloids in Lupinus albus L. and L. angustifolius L. J Exp Bot, 2007, 58: 935-946.

[33] Luna-Vázquez FJ, Ibarra-Alvarado C, Rojas-Molina A, Rojas-Molina JI, Yahia EM, Rivera-Pastrana DM, Rojas-Molina A, Zavala-Sánchez MA. Nutraceutical value of black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. Fruits: antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. Molecules, 2013, 18: 14597-14612.

[34] Mahapatra AK, Mishra S, Basak UC, Panda PC. Nutrient analysis of some selected wild edible fruits of deciduous forests of India: an explorative study towards non-conventional bio-nutrition. Adv J Food Sci Technol, 2012, 4(1): 15-21.

[35] Marfo EK, Simpson BK, Idowu JS, Oke OL. Effect of local food processing on phytate level in cassava, cocoyam, yam, maize, sorghum, rice, cowpea and soya beans. J Agric Food Chem, 1990, 38: 1580-1585.

[36] Martens SD, Tiemann TT, Bindelle J, Peters M, Lascano CE. Alternative plant protein sources for pigs and chickens in the tropics—nutritional value and constraints: a review. J Agric Rural Dev Trop Subtrop, 2012, 113(2): 101-123.

[37] Nikki KE. Free radical in the 1990s from in vitro to in vivo. Free Radic Res, 2001, 33: 693-704.

[38] NRC (1993) Nutrient requirements of fish. Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Aquaculture National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, p 114

[39] Odebunmi EO, Oluwaniyi OO, Awolola GV, Adediji OD. Proximate and nutritional composition of kola nut (Cola nitida), bitter cola (Garcinia cola) and alligator pepper (Afromomum melegueta). Afr J Biotechnol, 2009, 8(2): 308-310.

[40] Okafor JC. Improving edible species of forest products. Unasylva, 1991, 42(165): 17-22.

[41] Omogbai BA, Ojeaburu SI. Nutritional composition and microbial spoilage of Dacryodes edulis fruits vended in southern Nigeria. Sci World J, 2010, 5(4): 5-10.

[42] Onyekwelu JC, Stimm B (2006) Irvingia gabonensis, (Aubrey-Lecomte ex O. Rorke) Baill. In: Schütt P, Weisgerber H, Lang U, Roloff A, Stimm B (eds) Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse. Ecomed-Verlag, Munich, 43.Erg.Lfg. 03/06, p 14

[43] Onyekwelu JC, Stimm B (2011) Chrysophyllum albidum. In: Roloff A, Weisgerber H, Lang U, Stimm B (eds) Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 59. Erg.Lfg. 10/11, p 12

[44] Onyekwelu JC, Stimm B, Mosandl R, Olusola JA (2011) Domestication of Chrysophyllum albidum from rainforest and derived savannah ecosystems—phenotype variation and selection of elite trees. Paper accepted for presentation at Tropentag, 5–7th November 2011, Bonn, Germany. http://www.tropentag.de/2011/abstracts/full/462.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2013

[45] Onyekwelu JC, Olusola JA, Stimm B, Mosandl R, Agbelade DA. Farm-level tree growth characteristics, fruit phenotypic variation and market potential assessment of three socioeconomically important forest fruit tree species. For Trees Livelihoods, 2014

[46] Price ML, Van Scooc S, Butler LG. A critical evaluation of the vanillin reaction as an assay for tannins and sorghum grain. J Agric Food Chem, 1978, 26: 12-14.

[47] Rathod VS, Valvi SR. Anti-nutritional factors of some wild edible fruits from Kolhapur district. Recent Res Sci Technol, 2011, 3(5): 68-72.

[48] Richfort S, Panozzo J. Phytochemicals for health, the role of pulses. J Agric Food Chem, 2007, 55(20): 7981-7994.

[49] Sánchez-Castillo CP, Hudson GJ, Englyst HN, Dewey P, Philip W, James T. The importance of dietary carbohydrates. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 2002, 52(4): 321-335.

[50] Sanchez-Moreno C, Larrauri JA, Saura-Calixto FA. A procedure to measure the antiradical efficiency of Polyphenols. J Sci Food Agric, 1998, 76: 270-276.

[51] Shahidi F, Naczk M. Phenolic compounds in grains. Food Phenolics, source, chemistry effects applications. 1995, Lancaster PA: Technomic Publishing Company Inc., 3 39

[52] Siddhuraju P, Becker K. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of processed cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) seed extracts. Food Chem, 2007, 101: 10-19.

[53] Sim K, Nurestri AS, Norhanom A. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Pereskia grandifolia Haw. (Cactaceae) extracts. Pharmacogn Mag, 2010, 6: 248-254.

[54] Singleton VI, Lamuella-Raventos RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol, 1999, 299: 152-178.

[55] Sreeramulu D, Raghunath M. Antioxidant and phenolic content of nuts, oil seeds, milk and milk products commonly consumed in India. Food Nutr Sci, 2011, 2: 422-427.

[56] Sundriyal M, Sundriyal RC. Underutilized edible plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: need for domestication. Curr Sci, 2003, 85(6): 731-736.

[57] Takeoka RG, Dao TL. Antioxidant constituents of almond hulls. J Agric Food Chem, 2003, 51(20): 496-501.

[58] Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncola J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2007, 39: 44-84.

[59] Wheeler EL, Ferrel RE. A method for phytic acid determination in wheat fractions. Cereals Chem, 1971, 48: 312-320.