To remodel the inflammatory microenvironment and accelerate chronic wound (such as diabetic wound) healing, this study proposes a novel multi-target immunomodulatory strategy based on an advanced silk fibroin composite hydrogel dressing that synchronously regulates macrophage polarization and regulatory T cell (Treg) proliferation. The rationally designed composite hydrogel is constructed from a three-component hydrogel (named GCS) consisting of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), quaternized chitosan (QCS), and thiolated silk fibroin (SF-TK). By further loading metformin (Met) and interleukin-2-incorporated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles (IL-2@PLGA), the final composite hydrogel denoted as Met/IL-2@PLGA/GCS was fabricated, which enabled sequential and controllable drug release. Scanning electron microscopy showed a well-defined three-dimensional microporous structure; rheological analysis and compressive stress-strain tests demonstrated favorable mechanical properties; in vitro drug release studies confirmed sequential release kinetics of the therapeutic agents. Live/dead cell staining confirmed that the composite hydrogel possessed excellent cytocompatibility. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry results showed that the composite hydrogel significantly promoted M1-to-M2 macrophage polarization and enhanced Treg proliferation. In vitro angiogenesis assays with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) revealed an enhancement in tube formation capacity. In vivo experiments substantiated the hydrogel dressing’s superior wound healing performance. Collectively, these findings provide compelling evidence that the multifunctional Met/IL-2@PLGA/GCS composite hydrogel achieves synergistic therapy for diabetic wound healing through modulation of inflammation, promotion of angiogenesis, and acceleration of tissue regeneration.

To develop a nanovaccine capable of synchronously delivering antigens and adjuvants for effective dendritic cell (DC) maturation, we covalently conjugated the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonist MSA-2 with the model antigen CSIINFEKL via a cleavable linker. The resulting prodrug was co-assembled with phosphoethanolamine-polyethylene glycol (DSPE-PEG) to form a nanovaccine (termed NV_AA). The NV_AA exhibited a uniform spherical morphology with an average hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 20 nm and a zeta potential of -14 mV. Upon internalization by DCs, the covalently conjugated antigen and STING agonist enabled their synchronized intracellular delivery, leading to efficient activation of the STING signaling pathway. As a result, NV_AA significantly enhanced the secretion of IFN-β, IL-6, and IL-12, and upregulated the expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on DCs. These findings demonstrate that the covalent conjugation-based nanovaccine NV_AA effectively promotes DC maturation via STING pathway activation, providing a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy.

The clinical management of chronic wounds is frequently challenged by bacterial infection and biofilm formation. To address this, we developed an injectable hydrogel, denoted as AMCS@ODex, via dynamic Schiff base bonding between amide-modified chitosan (AMCS) and oxidized dextran (ODex). This crosslinking strategy not only mitigated the inherent limitations of chitosan, such as poor solubility and mechanical properties, but also endowed the hydrogel with excellent shear-thinning behaviors. AMCS@ODex exhibited antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and the antibacterial rates against E. coli and MRSA were 58% and 73%, respectively. Furthermore, it effectively disrupted pre-formed MRSA biofilms, leading to a disruption rate approximately 50%. Critically, the hydrogel exhibited outstanding biocompatibility, supporting over 90% viability of L929 fibroblast cells. By integrating good antibacterial performance, with desirable mechanical properties and high biocompatibility, the AMCS@ODex hydrogel presents potential biomedical applications, particularly in the fight against bacterial infections.

In this study, we developed a nanofiber/ zwitterionic hydrogel composite aimed at overcoming the in vivo foreign body reaction. This composite leverages the adhesive properties of polydopamine (PDA) to integrate trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) zwitterionic hydrogel with a three-dimensional poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofiber membrane. The resulting material exhibits the robust mechanical properties characteristic of PLA, featuring a tensile strength of approximately 13 MPa and an elongation at break exceeding 20%. Furthermore, owing to the TMAO zwitterionic hydrogel, the composite demonstrates exceptional resistance to biological contamination. After 30 d in a murine model, the composite does not develop a dense collagen layer on its surface, maintaining a thickness of less than 30 μm.

In this study, Cu²⁺-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) (Cu-MSNs) were synthesized via a hydrothermal method, using MSNs as the host matrix. Subsequently, green-emissive carbon dots (GCDs) were covalently grafted onto the surface of Cu-MSNs through an amidation reaction, yielding a nanocomposite denoted as Cu-MSN@GCDs. Cu-MSN@GCDs were designed to combine antibacterial and cellular imaging functions. The GCDs, derived from sodium citrate and formamide, exhibited fluorescence stability in a pH range of 3.0-10.0 and possessed a specific Cu²⁺fluorescence quenching property, enabling the detection of micromolar Cu²⁺. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirmed that Cu-MSN@GCDs nanocomposites were successfully constructed. In vitro experiments showed that Cu-MSN@GCDs underwent significant degradation and released Cu²⁺under acidic conditions (pH=4.8), and effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.500 mg/mL. Additionally, the fluorescence imaging test showed a good multichannel color rendering ability in 4T1 cells. The nanocomposite combines environment-responsive antibacterial activity and real-time fluorescence monitoring function, providing a new strategy for the development of multifunctional nano-drug delivery systems.

Based on cross-linked chitosan (CS)-salicylaldehyde (SA)-Eu(Ⅲ), a dual fluorescent hydrogel, designated as Eu-SA-CS, was successfully fabricated. The Eu-SA-CS hydrogel exhibited a green fluorescence around 500 nm, whereas a red fluorescence around 600 nm was observed upon exposure to volatile amines such as triethylamine (TEA). There was a good linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity ratio and TEA volume concentration (0-40 μL/L). Furthermore, the hydrogel could be used to indicate the meat freshness by a change in fluorescence color from green (fresh) to red (spoiled). These results revealed that the present Eu-SA-CS hydrogel could serve as a smart green-red fluorescent signal label for real-time monitoring of meat freshness.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality, and impose a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Traditional treatments, such as metallic stents, often lead to long-term complications, including restenosis, thrombosis, and chronic inflammation, due to permanent implantation. In response, biodegradable polymeric stents (BPSs) have emerged as a groundbreaking solution, offering temporary mechanical support to diseased vessels while degrading harmlessly over time, thereby promoting natural vascular healing and regeneration. This review synthesizes recent advancements in the development of BPSs, focusing on innovative biodegradable polymers (e.g., poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and polycaprolactone (PCL)), and advanced manufacturing methods (e.g., three-dimensional printing and laser cutting). While preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate promising outcomes, challenges persist in balancing mechanical durability with controlled degradation rates, managing inflammatory responses to acidic byproducts, and ensuring long-term safety. Future directions emphasize smart materials, hybrid manufacturing strategies, and personalized designs enabled by artificial intelligence. By addressing these challenges, BPSs hold transformative potential to redefine cardiovascular interventions, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the global burden of CVDs.

In the era of personalized medicine, the study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family genes is becoming increasingly important. The accurate genotyping of SNPs is of great significance for analyzing individual differences in drug metabolism and disease susceptibility, and promoting clinical precision medicine. Therefore, developing an efficient, accurate, and cost-effective detection scheme is extremely necessary. This study combined TaqMan probe technology with allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR), and by using a single-nucleotide ultra-high-fidelity polymerase, successfully developed an efficient and accurate 4-channel multiplex detection protocol for key CYP450 genes. This protocol accurately identified CYP450 gene alleles while eliminating interference from highly homologous sequences, and its specificity and accuracy were verified. The results showed that the cycle threshold differences (ΔC_t values) of different SNP alleles and highly homologous segments in the same detection system could reach more than 4. The detection results were consistent with the sequencing results, and the method could better identify the genotypes of eight SNPs (rs1799853, rs1057910, rs2242480, rs776746, rs2069514, rs2070676, rs6413432, and rs890293). The detection protocol developed in this study offers strong specificity, high accuracy, and simple operation, while achieving a favorable balance among detection speed, cost, and accuracy. It can be readily applied in pharmacogenomics research.

Intein-mediated protein splicing provides a valuable tool for protein ligation. The amino acid sequences of the flanking exteins serve as the intein’s natural substrates. Alterations to these extein sequences may cause significant changes in splicing efficiency. To date, how extein sequences at different positions (such as -1 and +2 positions) influence intein splicing activity remains to be systematically investigated. To address this issue, an mCherry-based fluorescence reporter system that links fluorescence intensity to splicing activity was established for high-throughput screening. A saturation mutagenesis library targeting the -1 and +2 positions of the Cne Prp8 intein was constructed via homologous recombination. After induction, 38 high-fluorescence clones were identified from 336 clones. Western blot analysis revealed that three substrate combinations (A/S, S/V, and R/S) achieved splicing efficiencies above 80%, significantly higher than that of the wild-type sequence. These findings not only reveal amino acid preferences at key extein positions but also provide valuable insights for the rational design of efficient splicing systems, thereby advancing the application of inteins in protein engineering.

This study aims to investigate the feasibility and optimization of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models for osteosarcoma lung metastases by comparing subrenal capsule and subcutaneous implantation methods. Three osteosarcoma lung metastasis samples meeting the inclusion criteria were implanted into NDG mice using both methods. Tumor growth, histological characteristics, immunohistochemical marker expression, and gene expression profiles were analyzed at eight weeks post-implantation. All three samples successfully established PDX models, with subrenal capsule implantation yielding significantly larger tumor volumes in two cases (p < 0.05). Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated high morphological similarity between the two models, with Ki67, CD99, and PD-L1 expression retained. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed a strong correlation in global gene expression between the two models (R > 0.8), with osteosarcoma-specific genes displaying similar expression patterns. These findings suggest that subrenal capsule implantation provides a stable and efficient approach for generating PDX models from limited osteosarcoma lung metastasis tissues while maintaining key biological characteristics comparable to those of subcutaneous models.

Accurate segmentation of colonic polyps in endoscopic images is vital for early diagnosis and prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, this task remains challenging due to the high variability in polyp morphology, low contrast with surrounding mucosa, and frequent boundary ambiguity. To address these issues, we propose a selective-gated fusion network (SGFNet), a lightweight semantic segmentation network based on the U-Net architecture. SGFNet incorporates two targeted modules: the SSE-Encoder, which integrates selective kernel convolution (SKConv) and squeeze-and-excitation (SE) attention to enhance multi-scale representation and channel recalibration; the PGF-Unit, which employs a gated parallel polarized self-attention (PPSA) mechanism to improve boundary-sensitive feature fusion. The model is evaluated on a unified dataset of 1 612 annotated images from Kvasir-SEG and CVC-ClinicDB. Experimental results demonstrate that SGFNet achieves superior performance in mean intersection over union (mIoU), pixel accuracy (PA), and F1 score, outperforming several representative baseline models. With its balanced design and strong generalization, SGFNet offers a practical and interpretable solution for real-world medical image segmentation and provides insights into attention-based module integration for future computer-aided diagnosis systems.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects worldwide and a major cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Early detection is essential for improving survival and long-term outcomes, yet timely diagnosis remains challenging, especially in primary-care and resource-constrained settings. Although electrocardiography (ECG) is inexpensive and widely available, subtle pediatric CHD abnormalities are difficult to detect through manual interpretation, which carries subjectivity and risk of misdiagnosis. Moreover, many existing deep-learning models rely on single-domain convolutional neural network (CNN) or recurrent neural network (RNN) architectures that insufficiently capture long-range temporal dependencies and frequency-domain features. To address these limitations, we propose pediatric AI for cardiac ECG recognition (PACER), a hybrid CNN-Transformer-discrete wavelet transform (DWT)-TabNet framework for automated CHD detection from standard 12-lead pediatric ECG signals. PACER integrates convolutional layers for local morphological extraction, Transformer-based self-attention for long-range temporal modeling, DWT for frequency representation, and TabNet for interpretable multimodal feature fusion. A tailored preprocessing and augmentation pipeline, including SMOTE and Gaussian noise enhancement, improves robustness to class imbalance. Evaluated on 10 344 pediatric ECG recordings using stratified cross-validation, PACER achieved an accuracy of 90.93%, an F1 score of 0.91, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) of 0.95, outperforming CNN, RNN, hybrid, Transformer, and CHDdECG baselines. Ablation experiments and model interpretability analysis validate the effectiveness of each module and indicate the potential clinical utility of the proposed method.

To obtain strains capable of efficient cembratriene-4,6-diol (CBT-diol) degradation for enhancing the tobacco aroma quality, a target strain designated as Z1-1 was isolated from tobacco leaves utilizing CBT-diol as the primary carbon source. Based on morphological characteristics, physiological biochemistry, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was preliminarily identified as Novosphingobium sp. Through single-factor and response surface methodology experiments, the optimal degradation conditions were determined to be 30 ℃, 150 r/min shaking speed, 4% inoculum size, and pH 7.0. Under these optimized conditions, a CBT-diol degradation efficiency of 83.47% was achieved within 36 h. The application of this strain in tobacco concentrate significantly increased the relative contents of several key aroma components. The relative contents of solanone, 9-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmatrienone, 4-hydroxy-β-damascone, and phytol increased to 7.22, 3.65, 1.79, and 3.80 times their original levels, respectively. These findings demonstrate that Novosphingobium sp. Z1-1 is an efficient CBT-diol-degrading and aroma-producing bacterium.

Electricigens are a type of microorganism with extracellular electron transfer ability, which can convert stored chemical energy in organic matter into electrical energy through their own metabolism. Previous studies have shown that electricigens can be used as catalysts to construct microbial fuel cells (MFCs). However, low electricity production remains the most urgent issue for electricigens. This study is based on a salt-tolerant electricigen, Shewanella algae, and uses CRISPRa technology to regulate the expression of pflb and mdh genes in the extracellular electron metabolism pathway, thereby enhancing the ability to produce electricity. Simultaneously, we aim to optimize power generation conditions of Shewanella algae by adding surfactants or electron mediators in the bipolar chamber of fuel cells to enhance electron transfer. The results show that overexpression of pflb and mdh genes increases the current density by 3.51% and 14.17%, respectively. The use of surfactants such as Tween-80 increases the current density by approximately 20%-40%. These results indicate that an increase in extracellular electron transfer or electron metabolism can increase power generation, providing a basis for further optimization and transformation of salt-tolerant electricigen Shewanella algae.