Humanitarianism and the Sendai Framework: A 10-Year Review of Converging and Diverging Paths

Abstract

Humanitarian action and disaster risk reduction are essential in addressing global vulnerability to disasters and crises. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR), adopted in 2015, has garnered significant attention for its role in fostering disaster risk reduction. The role the SFDRR plays vis-à-vis humanitarian action represents a crucial space where policies, practices, and priorities (could) converge and diverge. Understanding the dynamics of this SFDRR-humanitarian action relationship is essential for advancing both disaster risk reduction and humanitarian goals. This article comprehensively examines this relationship since the adoption of the SFDRR. Employing a multimethod approach, including a systematic literature review, mapping exercise, and expert interviews, the study identified key themes and challenges in integrating the SFDRR within humanitarian action. Findings indicate that while SFDRR references are prevalent in post-disaster discussions, their full integration into humanitarian strategies remains nascent. Notably, advancements in anticipatory humanitarian action represent primary arenas for SFDRR integration within humanitarianism. The role of the International Disaster Response Law in bridging SFDRR and humanitarianism also emerged as an important finding. The study also underscored blurred distinctions between humanitarianism and disaster-related actions, highlighting the limited systemic integration of the SFDRR by traditional humanitarian actors. Moving forward, the study advocates for improved collaboration between humanitarian and disaster management sectors to strengthen disaster prevention, response, and mitigation. By examining the relationship between SFDRR objectives and modern humanitarian practices, this research aims to enhance disaster preparedness, response, and recovery strategies, alongside other crisis management approaches.

Keywords

Anticipatory action / Disasters / Humanitarian action / Humanitarianism / Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction

References

[1] Al Kurdi OF. A critical comparative review of emergency and disaster management in the Arab world. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development. 2021, 1(1): 24-46

[2] ALNAP (Active learning network for accountability and performance). 2018. The state of the humanitarian system. London: ALNAP/ODI. https://www.alnap.org/help-library/the-state-of-the-humanitarian-system-2018-full-report. Accessed 24 Jun 2020.

[3] ALNAP (Active learning network for accountability and performance). 2022. The state of the humanitarian system. London: ALNAP/ODI. https://sohs.alnap.org/2022-the-state-of-the-humanitarian-system-sohs-%E2%80%93-full-report. Accessed 23 Nov 2023.

[4] Barnett M. Empire of humanity: A history of humanitarianism. 2011, NY, Cornell University Press

[5] Bartolini G. A universal treaty for disasters? Remarks on the international law commission’s draft articles on the protection of persons in the event of disasters. International Review of the Red Cross. 2017, 99(906): 1103-1137

[6] Bennett, C., M. Foley, and H.B. Krebs. 2016. Learning from the past to shape the future: Lessons from the history of humanitarian action in Africa. HPG working paper. London: ODI (Overseas Development Institute). https://odi.org/en/publications/learning-from-the-past-to-shape-the-future-lessons-from-the-history-of-humanitarian-action-in-africa/. Accessed 18 Feb 2018.

[7] Birpinar ME, Tuğaç Ç. Climate security and migration: An evaluation for the world and Turkey. Insight Turkey. 2022, 24(1): 105-133

[8] Blind, P.K. 2019. Humanitarian SDGs: Interlinking the 2030 agenda for sustainable development with the agenda for humanity. UN Department of economic and social affairs (DESA) working papers 160. https://doi.org/10.18356/a2d75e71-en.

[9] Brown S, Mena R, Brown S. The peace dilemma in the triple nexus: Challenges and opportunities for the humanitarian-development-peace approach. Development in Practice. 2024, 34(5): 568-584

[10] Caso N, Hilhorst D, Mena R, Papyrakis E. Does disaster contribute to armed conflict? A quantitative analysis of disaster-conflict co-occurrence between 1990 and 2017. International Journal of Development Issues. 2023, 23(1): 1-23

[11] Caso, N., D. Hilhorst, and R. Mena. 2023b. The contribution of armed conflict to vulnerability to disaster: Empirical evidence from 1989 to 2018. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 95: Article 103881.

[12] Chesterman S. Legality versus legitimacy: Humanitarian intervention, the security council, and the rule of law. Security Dialogue. 2002, 33(3): 293-307

[13] Collodi J, Pelling M, Fraser A, Borie M, Di Vicenz S. How do you build back better so no one is left behind? lessons from Sint Maarten, Dutch Caribbean, following Hurricane Irma. Disasters. 2021, 45(1): 202-223

[14] Collodi, J., S. Di Vicenz, R. Murphy, and E. Visman. 2018. Linking preparedness, response and resilience (LPRR). Knowledge co-development paper. London: Christian Aid. https://www.christianaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/2022-07/lprr-knowledge-codevelopment-paper-june-2018.pdf. Accessed 24 Jun 2024.

[15] Cook, A.D.B., L. Gong, and O.A. Gómez. 2024. International humanitarianism in East Asia. In Handbook on humanitarianism and inequality, ed. S. Roth, B. Purkayastha, and T. Denskus. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.

[16] Cullen M. Disaster, displacement and international law: Legal protections in the context of a changing climate. Politics and Governance. 2020, 8(4): 270-280

[17] Davey, E., J. Borton, and M. Foley. 2013. A history of the humanitarian system: Western origins and foundations. HPG working paper. London: Overseas Development Institute Humanitarian Policy Group. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8439.pdf. Accessed 8 Jun 2016.

[18] Desportes I, Hilhorst D. Disaster governance in conflict-affected authoritarian contexts: The cases of Ethiopia, Myanmar, and Zimbabwe. Politics and Governance. 2020, 8(4): 343-354

[19] Dijkzeul D, Sandvik KB. A world in turmoil: Governing risk, establishing order in humanitarian crises. Disasters. 2019, 43(S2): S85-S108

[20] Dittmer C, Lorenz DF. Disaster situation and humanitarian emergency – In-between responses to the refugee crisis in Germany. International Migration. 2019, 59(3): 96-112

[21] Dixit P. Synergising international public health law and international disaster law. European Journal of Risk Regulation. 2022, 13(1): 45-55

[22] ECOSOC HAS (Economic and Social Council Humanitarian Affairs Segment). 2017. Localising humanitarian assistance. Geneva: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). https://www.unocha.org/sites/unocha/files/ECOSOC%20HAS%202017%20-%20SE%20Localising%20Humanitarian%20Assistance%20-%202017%20June%207.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2024.

[23] Endoh T. Surrogate guardian: Responsibility to protect migrants in disasters and responses by the Japanese State. Journal of International Migration and Integration. 2017, 18(1): 319-339

[24] Fitzgerald EM, Toth GG. Nowhere to go: A regional human rights based approach to climate displacee protection in Southeast Asia. Washington International Law Journal. 2022, 31(2): 213-350

[25] German Red Cross, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and International Committee of the Red Cross. 2024. Protecting people from the humanitarian impacts of extreme climate and weather events: Working together to strengthen anticipatory action. Geneva: German Red Cross, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross. https://rcrcconference.org/app/uploads/2024/04/34IC-Draft-0-Anticipatory-action-EN.pdf. Accessed 24 Jun 2024.

[26] GFDRR (Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery). 2017. Disaster risk reduction. Washington, DC: GFDRR. https://www.gfdrr.org/en/publication/post-disaster-needs-assessments-guidelines-volume-b-3. Accessed 7 Nov 2019.

[27] Gómez, O.A., S. Lucatello, and R. Mena. 2024. The Latin American experience: Inequality’s role in shaping humanitarianism. In Handbook on humanitarianism and inequality, ed. S. Roth, B. Purkayastha, and T. Denskus. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

[28] GPP (Global Preparedness Partnership). 2017. Global preparedness partnership: A framework document. Washington, DC: GPP. https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/world/global-preparedness-partnership-framework-document. Accessed 7 Nov 2019.

[29] GPP (Global Preparedness Partnership). 2018. GPP Mission report: Ghana. Accra, Ghana: GPP. https://agendaforhumanity.org/sites/default/files/resources/2018/Jul/Ghana%20GPP%20Mission%20Report%2014-18May2018%20.pdf. Accessed 7 Nov 2019.

[30] GSDRC (Governance, social development, humanitarian, conflict). 2013. International legal frameworks for humanitarian action. Topic guide. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/international-legal-frameworks-humanitarian-action-topic-guide. Accessed 7 Nov 2019.

[31] Hendriks, T.D., and F.K. Boersma. 2019. Bringing the State back in to humanitarian crises response: disaster governance and challenging collaborations in the 2015 Malawi flood response. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 40: Article 101262.

[32] Hilhorst D, Boersma K, Raju E. Research on politics of disaster risk governance: Where are we headed?. Politics and Governance. 2020, 8(4): 214-219

[33] Hilhorst, D. 2018. Classical humanitarianism and resilience humanitarianism: Making sense of two brands of humanitarian action. Journal of International Humanitarian Action 3(1): Article 15.

[34] Hilton M, Baughan E, Davey E, Everill B, O’Sullivan K, Sasson T. History and humanitarianism: A conversation. Past & Present. 2018, 241(1): e1-e38

[35] Hyndman J. Dual disasters: Humanitarian aid after the 2004 tsunami. 2011, Sterling, VA, Kumarian Press

[36] ICRC (International committee of the red Cross). 2021. Sendai Framework archives. Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog, 16 December 2021. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/tag/sendai-framework/. Accessed 6 May 2024.

[37] IDNDR (International decade for natural disaster reduction). 1994. Yokohama strategy and plan of action for a safer world. Yokohama, Japan: IDNDR.

[38] IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies). 2017. Introduction to the guidelines for the domestic facilitation and regulation of international disaster relief and initial recovery assistance. Geneva: IFRC. https://disasterlaw.ifrc.org/idrlguidelines. Accessed 2 Mar 2024.

[39] IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies). 2023. Position paper on the ILC draft articles. Disaster Law, 2 January 2024. Geneva: IFRC. https://disasterlaw.ifrc.org/node/959. Accessed 23 Jun 2024.

[40] ILC (International Law Commission). 2016. Draft articles on the protection of persons in the event of disasters, 2016. Geneva: ILC, United Nations. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/6_3_2016.pdf. Accessed 6 Jun 2024.

[41] IOM (International organization for migration). 2019. Taking Sendai forward: Strategic work plan on disaster risk reduction & resilience 2017–2020. Geneva: IOM. https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/taking-sendai-forward-strategic-work-plan-disaster-risk-reduction-resilience-2017-2020. Accessed 24 Jun 2024.

[42] Jaime, C., E.C. de Perez, M. van Aalst, and E. Easton-Calabria. 2024. Beyond the forecast: Knowledge gaps to anticipate disasters in armed conflict areas with high forced displacement. Environmental Research Letters 19(2): Article 023001.

[43] Keen, D. 2008. Complex emergencies. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

[44] Kelman I. Climate change and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2015, 6(2): 117-127

[45] Kelman I. Introduction to “five years of the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction”. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2020, 11(2): 145-146

[46] Kelman I, Glantz MH. Analyzing the sendai framework for disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2015, 6(2): 105-106

[47] Khomo NP, Mutereko S. Mitigating the impacts of disaster on food shortages through African Indigenous knowledge systems. African Journal of Development Studies. 2021, 11(2): 115-129

[48] Kibanov, M., G. Stumme, I. Amin, and J.G. Lee. 2017. Mining social media to inform peatland fire and haze disaster management. Social Network Analysis and Mining 7(1): Article 30.

[49] Krafess J. The influence of the Muslim religion in humanitarian aid. International Review of the Red Cross. 2005, 87(858): 327-342

[50] Labbé J, Daudin P. Applying the humanitarian principles: Reflecting on the experience of the International Committee of the Red Cross. International Review of the Red Cross. 2015, 97(897–898): 183-210

[51] Lane, L., and M. Hesselman. 2017. Governing disasters: Embracing human rights in a multi-level, multi-duty bearer, disaster governance landscape. Politics and Governance 5(2). https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i2.899.

[52] Lapaš D. Climate change and international legal personality: “Climate deterritorialized nations” as emerging subjects of international law?. The Canadian Yearbook of International Law. 2022, 59: 1-35

[53] De Lauri, A. 2021. Humanitarianism: An overview. CMI Insight 2021(3). https://www.cmi.no/publications/7782-humanitarianism-an-overview. Accessed 9 May 2024.

[54] Marchezini V. “What is a sociologist doing here?” An unconventional people-centered approach to improve warning implementation in the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2020, 11(2): 218-229

[55] Mashura S, Md B-D, Towfiqul IARM, Rahman MM. Strategic assessment of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: comparative lockdown scenario analysis, public perception, and management for sustainability. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2021, 23(4): 6148-6191

[56] Maura, dos S.V., dos S.G.C. Henrique, de C.R.J. Matos, and de C.P.V. Rodrigues.. A fuzzy model to assess the resilience of protection and civil defense organizations. Quality and Quantity. 2020, 54(3): 735-759

[57] Mena, R., and D. Hilhorst. 2022b. Path dependency when prioritising disaster and humanitarian response under high levels of conflict: A qualitative case study in South Sudan. Journal of International Humanitarian Action 7(1): Article 5.

[58] Mena, R., J.R. Aparicio, and G. Villacis. 2022. Humanitarian action in Latin America: Same but different? – Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Uniandes. Observatorio Humanitario de América Latina y el Caribe (blog), 16 December 2022. https://cienciassociales.uniandes.edu.co/observatorio-humanitario-de-america-latina/humanitarian-action-in-latin-america-same-but-different/. Accessed 19 Dec 2022.

[59] Mena R, Hilhorst D. The transition from development and disaster risk reduction to humanitarian relief: The case of Yemen during high-intensity conflict. Disasters. 2022, 46(4): 1049-1074

[60] Mirbagheri F. Islam and humanitarian values. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 2002, 21(3): 139-149

[61] Mosel, I., C. Bennett, and H. Krebs. 2016. Approaches to the history of humanitarianism in Latin America and the Caribbean (Aproximaciones a La Historia Del Humanitarismo En América Latina y El Caribe). London: HPG – ODI (Overseas Development Institute). https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/Aproximaciones_a_la_historia_del_humanitarismo_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe.pdf. Accessed 21 Mar 2017.

[62] Moussa, J. 2014. Ancient origins, modern actors: Defining Arabic meanings of humanitarianism. HPG working paper. London: ODI (Overseas Development Institute). https://odi.org/en/publications/ancient-origins-modern-actors-defining-arabic-meanings-of-humanitarianism/. Accessed 15 Aug 2016.

[63] Mucherera B, Spiegel S. Forced displacement: Critical lessons in the protracted aftermath of a flood disaster. GeoJournal. 2022, 87(5): 3855-3875

[64] Norwegian Red Cross. 2019. Overlapping vulnerabilities: The impacts of climate change on humanitarian needs. Oslo: Norwegian Red Cross. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/overlapping-vulnerabilities-impacts-climate-change-humanitarian-needs. Accessed 4 Apr 2020.

[65] O’Donnell T, Allan C. Identifying solidarity: The ILC project on the protection of persons in disasters and human rights. The George Washington International Law Review. 2017, 49(1): 53-95

[66] OCHA (UN Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs). 2017. Global humanitarian overview 2018. Geneva: OCHA. https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/world/global-humanitarian-overview-2018-enaresfrzh. Accessed 22 Jan 2020.

[67] OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs). 2018. Global humanitarian overview 2019. Geneva: OCHA. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-humanitarian-overview-2019-enaresfrzh. Accessed 13 Mar 2019.

[68] OCHA (UN Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs). 2019b. Global humanitarian overview 2020. Geneva: OCHA. https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/world/global-humanitarian-overview-2020-enarfrzh. Accessed 22 Jan 2020.

[69] OCHA (UN Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs). 2019a. Agenda for humanity annual synthesis report 2019 – Sustaining the ambition, delivering change. Geneva: OCHA. https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/world/agenda-humanity-annual-synthesis-report-2019-sustaining-ambition-delivering-change. Accessed 22 Jan 2020.

[70] OCHA (UN Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs). 2020. Global humanitarian overview 2021. Geneva: OCHA. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-humanitarian-overview-2021-enarfres?_gl=1*1s9omnn*_ga*NTUzMDU2NzA4LjE3MDY2MTcyMTg.*_ga_E60ZNX2F68*MTcxOTI1MzA2OC4xMi4xLjE3MTkyNTM4MDguNDAuMC4w. Accessed 1 Dec 2020.

[71] OCHA (UN Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs). 2021. Global humanitarian overview 2022. Geneva: OCHA. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-humanitarian-overview-2022. Accessed 6 Jul 2023.

[72] OCHA (UN Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs). 2022. Global humanitarian overview 2023. Geneva: OCHA. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-humanitarian-overview-2023-enaresfr. Accessed 22 Mar 2024.

[73] OCHA (UN Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs). 2023. Global humanitarian overview 2024. Geneva: OCHA. https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/world/global-humanitarian-overview-2024-enarfres. Accessed 22 Mar 2024.

[74] OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs). 2024. Anticipatory action. Geneva: OCHA. https://www.unocha.org/anticipatory-action. Accessed 22 May 2024.

[75] OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2021. DAC recommendation on the humanitarian-development-peace nexus. OECD/LEGAL/5019. Paris: OECD. https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/public/doc/643/643.en.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb 2022.

[76] Opdyke, A. 2017. Resilient and sustainable infrastructure systems: A comparative analysis of post-disaster shelter coordination, stakeholder participation, and training. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA. https://www.proquest.com/ibss/docview/1955343606/abstract/B192933D37ED4B10PQ/24. Accessed 9 May 2024.

[77] Patel, S.S., B. McCaul, G. Cáceres, L.E.R. Peters, R.B. Patel, and A. Clark-Ginsberg. 2021. Delivering the promise of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in fragile and conflict-affected contexts (FCAC): A case study of the NGO GOAL’s response to the Syria conflict. Progress in Disaster Science 10: Article 100172.

[78] Pichon, F. 2019. Anticipatory humanitarian action: What role for the CERF? Working paper 551. London: ODI (Overseas Development Institute). https://odi.org/documents/5944/12643.pdf. Accessed 24 Jun 2024.

[79] Ray-Bennett NS, Clarke K, Mendez D. Sendai Framework’s global targets A and B: Opinions from the global platform for disaster risk reduction’s ignite stage 2019. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2022, 13(5): 651-663

[80] RCRC. World disasters report: focus on early warning, early action – 2009. 2009, Geneva, RCRC

[81] Renwick, N. 2018. Emerging economies, disaster risk reduction, and South-South cooperation: The case of Mexico. IDS Bulletin 49(3). https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2018.149.

[82] Rüth, A., L. Fontaine, E.C. de Perez, K. Kampfer, K. Wyjad, M. Destrooper, I. Amuron, R. Choularton, et al. 2017. Forecast-based financing, early warning, and early action: A cutting-edge strategy for the international humanitarian community. In Routledge companion to media and humanitarian action, ed. R. Andersen, and P.L. de Silva. London: Routledge.

[83] Sand PH. International climate change law (Book review). The American Journal of International Law. 2017, 111(4): 1074-1079

[84] Serventy, M., and P. Jaervinen. 2018. Global preparedness partnership: Update on progress since the World Humanitarian Summit. Geneva: Global Preparedness Partnership (GPP). https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-preparedness-partnership-update-2017-progress. Accessed 24 Jun 2024.

[85] Sibanda, W., G. Mukwada, and M.M. Hansen. 2022. Disaster (un)preparedness under Cyclone Idai: Revisiting women activities in water and sanitation at Tongogara refugee camp, Zimbabwe. Cogent Social Sciences 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2137964.

[86] Simonow, J. 2015. Understanding humanitarian action in South Asia: Responses to famine and displacement in nineteenth and twentieth century India. HPG working paper. London: ODI (Overseas Development Institute). https://odi.org/en/publications/understanding-humanitarian-action-in-south-asia-responses-to-famine-and-displacement-in-nineteenth-and-twentieth-century-india/. Accessed 21 Jan 2021.

[87] Slim H. Killing civilians: Method, madness, and morality in war. 2008, New York, Columbia University Press

[88] Stein, S., and C. Walch. 2017. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction as a tool for conflict prevention. Brooklyn, NY: Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum (CPCF). https://reliefweb.int/report/world/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-tool-conflict-prevention. Accessed 24 Jun 2024.

[89] Stein PJS, Stein MA. Disability, human rights, and climate justice. Human Rights Quarterly. 2022, 44(1): 81-110

[90] Thalheimer, L., E. Jjemba, and E. Simperingham. 2020. Forecast-based financing and disasters displacement: Acting early to reduce the humanitarian impacts of displacement. Geneva: IFRC, Climate Centre. https://www.forecast-based-financing.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/RCRC_IFRC-FbF-and-Displacement-Issue-Brief.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb 2022.

[91] Thalheimer, L., E. Simperingham, and E.W. Jjemba. 2022. The role of anticipatory humanitarian action to reduce disaster displacement. Environmental Research Letters 17(1): Article 014043.

[92] The Grand Bargain. 2016. The grand bargain: A shared commitment to better serve people in need. World Humanitarian Summit 2016. Istanbul, Turkey: The Grand Bargain. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Grand_Bargain_final_22_May_FINAL-2.pdf. Accessed 20 Sept 2017.

[93] Tozier de la Poterie A, Baudoin M-A. From Yokohama to Sendai: Approaches to participation in international disaster risk reduction frameworks. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2015, 6(2): 128-139

[94] UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction). 2019. Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction (GAR). Geneva: UNDRR. https://gar.unisdr.org/. Accessed 24 Jun 2024.

[95] UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction). 2023. The report of the midterm review of the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Geneva: UNDRR. https://www.undrr.org/publication/report-midterm-review-implementation-sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030. Accessed 24 Jun 2024.

[96] UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction). Hyogo framework for action 2005–2015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. 2007, Geneva, UNISDR

[97] UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction). 2015. Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030. Geneva: UNISDR. https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/43291. Accessed 24 Jun 2024.

[98] UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction). 2017. Technical guidance for monitoring and reporting on progress in achieving the global targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva: UNISDR. https://www.desinventar.net/documentation/Technical_guidance.pdf. Accessed 24 Jun 2024.

[99] United Nations. 2016. Report of the Secretary-General for the World Humanitarian Summit. A/70/709. New York: General Assembly of the United Nations.

[100] van den Homberg MJC, Gevaert CM, Georgiadou Y. The changing face of accountability in humanitarianism: Using artificial intelligence for anticipatory action. Politics and Governance. 2020, 8(4): 456-467

[101] van Margit, W, Farhat N, Sarbeswar S. Complementarities in CSO collaborations: How working with diversity produces advantages. Voluntas. 2021, 32(4): 717-730

[102] Wagner, M., and C. Jaime. 2020. An agenda for expanding forecast-based action to situations of conflict. Working paper. Berlin, Germany: Global Public Policy Institute (GPPI); Climate Centre. https://gppi.net/media/Wagner_Jaime_2020_FbA-in-Conflict-Situations.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb 2021.

[103] Wahlström M. New Sendai Framework strengthens focus on reducing disaster risk. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2015, 6(2): 200-201

[104] Watson, S.E. 2017. Investing in change: Illuminating interactive systems in HIV research, communication diffusion, and financing in Lesotho. Ph.D. dissertation, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. https://www.proquest.com/ibss/docview/1904660527/abstract/B192933D37ED4B10PQ/58. Accessed 9 May 2024.

[105] Wisner B. Five years beyond Sendai – Can we get beyond frameworks?. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2020, 11(2): 239-249

[106] Wisner B, Gaillard J, Kelman I. Wisner B, Gaillard JC, Kelman I. Framing disaster: Theories and stories seeking to understand hazards, vulnerability and risk. The Routledge handbook of hazards and disaster risk reduction. 2012, London, Routledge: 1833

[107] De Wit, S. 2019. Getting ahead of crises: A thesaurus for anticipatory humanitarian action. Centre for disaster protection; Red cross/red crescent climate centre; science for humanitarian emergencies and resilience (Shear); United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/Thesaurus_single%20column_WORKING_DRAFT.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb 2022.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

The Author(s)