Assessment of Building Physical Vulnerability in Earthquake-Debris Flow Disaster Chain

Abstract

Large earthquakes not only directly damage buildings but also trigger debris flows, which cause secondary damage to buildings, forming a more destructive earthquake-debris flow disaster chain. A quantitative assessment of building vulnerability is essential for damage assessment after a disaster and for pre-disaster prevention. Using mechanical analysis based on pushover, a physical vulnerability assessment model of buildings in the earthquake-debris flow disaster chain is proposed to assess the vulnerability of buildings in Beichuan County, China. Based on the specific sequence of events in the earthquake-debris flow disaster chain, the seismic vulnerability of buildings is 79%, the flow impact and burial vulnerabilities of damaged buildings to debris flow are 92% and 28% respectively, and the holistic vulnerability of buildings under the disaster chain is 57%. By comparing different vulnerability assessment methods, we observed that the physical vulnerability of buildings under the disaster chain process is not equal to the statistical summation of the vulnerabilities to independent hazards, which implies that the structural properties and vulnerability of buildings have changed during the disaster chain process. Our results provide an integrated explanation of building vulnerability, which is essential for understanding building vulnerability in earthquake-debris flow disaster chain and building vulnerability under other disaster chains.

Keywords

Building physical vulnerability / Debris flow / Disaster chain / Earthquake

References

[1] AQSIQ (Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine). 2001. Post-earthquake field works—Part 3: Code for field survey: GB/T 18208.3-2000. Beijing: Standards Press of China (in Chinese).

[2] Calvi GM, Pinho R, Magenes G, Bommer JJ, Restrepo-Vélez LF, Crowley H. Development of seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies over the past 30 years. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 2006, 43(3): 75-104.

[3] Chen Y, Hu J, Peng F. Seismological challenges in earthquake hazard reductions: Reflections on the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. Science Bulletin, 2018, 63(17): 1159-1166

[4] Chen G, Huang K, Zou M, Yang Y, Dong H. A methodology for quantitative vulnerability assessment of coupled multi-hazard in chemical industrial park. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2019, 58: 30-41

[5] CIGEM (China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring) An image-based study on typical geological hazards caused by Wenchuan Earthquake, 2009, Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese)

[6] Cui P, Chen X-Q, Zhu Y-Y, Su F-H, Wei F-Q, Han Y-S, Liu H-J, Zhuang J-Q. The Wenchuan Earthquake (May 12, 2008), Sichuan Province, China, and resulting geohazards. Natural Hazards, 2011, 56(1): 19-36

[7] Cui P, Wei F, He S, You Y, Chen X, Li Z, Dang C, Yang C. Mountain disasters induced by the earthquake of May 12 in Wenchuan and the disasters mitigation. Journal of Mountain Science, 2008, 26(3): 280-282 (in Chinese)

[8] Delmonaco, G., C. Margottini, and D. Spizzichino. 2006. ARMONIA methodology for multi-risk assessment and the harmonisation of different natural risk maps. Deliverable 3.1.1, ARMONIA. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317957266_New_methodology_for_multi-risk_assessment_and_the_harmonisation_of_different_natural_risk_maps/citations. Accessed 12 Apr 2023.

[9] Deng Z, Liu J, Guo L, Li J, Jia Y. Pure risk premium rating of debris flows based on a dynamic run-out model: A case study in Anzhou, China. Natural Hazards, 2021, 56(1): 19-36.

[10] der Hilst, B. 2008. A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan Earthquake of 12 May 2008, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China. GSA Today 18(7): Article 5.

[11] Earthquake Disaster Relief Expert Group, National Disaster Reduction Committee-Ministry of Science and Technology Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of Wenchuan Earthquake disasters, 2008, Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese)

[12] Fan X, Scaringi G, Korup O, West AJ, van Westen CJ, Tanyas H, Hovius N, Hales TC Earthquake-induced chains of geologic hazards: Patterns, mechanisms, and impacts. Reviews of Geophysics, 2019, 57(2): 421-503

[13] Fell R, Ho KK, Lacasse S, Leroi E. Fell R, Ho KKS, Lacasse S, Leroi E. A framework for landslide risk assessment and management. Landslide risk management, 2005, London: Taylor & Francis 3-25.

[14] Foerster, E., Y. Krien, M. Dandoulaki, S. Priest, S. Tapsell, G. Delmonaco, C. Margottini, and C. Bonadonna. 2009. Methodologies to assess vulnerability of structural systems. ENSURE Project, WP1: State-of-the-art on vulnerability types. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257342955_Methodologies_to_assess_vulnerability_of_structural_systems. Accessed 12 Apr 2023.

[15] Fu S-Y, Huang R-Q, Pei X-J, Pei Z. Debris flow character analysis of Gangou Village in severe disaster area of “5·12” Earthquake. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science & Technology, 2010, 5: 105-108 (in Chinese)

[16] Fuchs S, Heiss K, Hübl J. Towards an empirical vulnerability function for use in debris flow risk assessment. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2007, 7(5): 495-506

[17] Granger K, Jones TG, Leiba M, Scott G. Community risk in Cairns: A multi-hazard risk assessment. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 1999, 14(2): 25-26.

[18] Haugen ED, Kaynia AM. Chen Z, Zhang JM, Ho K, Wu FQ, Li ZK. Vulnerability of structures impacted by debris flow. Landslides and engineered slopes, 2008, London: Taylor & Francis 403-410.

[19] Hu, K., P. Cui, and J. Zhang. 2012. Characteristics of damage to buildings by debris flows on 7 August 2010 in Zhouqu, western China. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12(7): Article 2209.

[20] Hu X, Hu K, Tang J, You Y, Wu C. Assessment of debris-flow potential dangers in the Jiuzhaigou Valley following the August 8, 2017, Jiuzhaigou Earthquake, western China. Engineering Geology, 2019, 256: 57-66

[21] Huang RQ, Li WL. Analysis of the geo-hazards triggered by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2009, 68(3): 363-371

[22] Jalayer F, Asprone D, Prota A, Manfredi G. A decision support system for post-earthquake reliability assessment of structures subjected to aftershocks: An application to L’Aquila Earthquake, 2009. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2011, 9(4): 997-1014

[23] Jiang Y. Study on cause and distribution pattern of debris flows along Chengdu-Jiu Zhaigou Railway, 2010, Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology (in Chinese)

[24] Julià PB, Ferreira TM. From single- to multi-hazard vulnerability and risk in historic urban areas: A literature review. Natural Hazards, 2021, 108(1): 93-128

[25] Kappes MS. Multi-hazard risk analyses: A concept and its implementation, 2011, Vienna: Ph.D. thesis, University of Vienna

[26] Kappes MS, Keiler M, von Elverfeldt K, Glade T. Challenges of analyzing multi-hazard risk: A review. Natural Hazards, 2012, 64(2): 1925-1958

[27] Kappes MS, Papathoma-Koehle M, Keiler M. Assessing physical vulnerability for multi-hazards using an indicator-based methodology. Applied Geography, 2012, 32(2): 577-590

[28] Karimzadeh S, Miyajima M, Hassanzadeh R, Amiraslanzadeh R, Kamel B. A GIS-based seismic hazard, building vulnerability and human loss assessment for the earthquake scenario in Tabriz. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2014, 66: 263-280

[29] Kim, J.-M., K. Son, S.-G. Yum, and S. Ahn. 2020. Typhoon vulnerability analysis in South Korea utilizing damage record of Typhoon Maemi. Advances in Civil Engineering 2020: Article 8885916.

[30] Liu K, Li H. The study of the direct damage estimation of debris flow. Journal of Chinese Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 37(2): 143-155 (in Chinese)

[31] Liu Z, Cheng L, Hao Z, Li J, Thorstensen A, Gao H. A framework for exploring joint effects of conditional factors on compound floods. Water Resources Research, 2018, 54(4): 2681-2696

[32] Luo, H., R. Fan, H. Wang, and L.M. Zhang. 2020a Physics of building vulnerability to debris flows, floods and earth flows. Engineering Geology 271: Article 105611.

[33] Luo, H., L. Zhang, H. Wang, and J. He. 2020b. Multi-hazard vulnerability of buildings to debris flows. Engineering Geology 279: Article 105859.

[34] Mahendra R, Mohanty P, Bisoyi H, Kumar TS, Nayak S. Assessment and management of coastal multi-hazard vulnerability along the Cuddalore-Villupuram, east coast of India using geospatial techniques. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2011, 54(4): 302-311

[35] Marzocchi W, Garcia-Aristizabal A, Gasparini P, Mastellone ML, Di Ruocco A. Basic principles of multi-risk assessment: A case study in Italy. Natural Hazards, 2012, 62(2): 551-573

[36] Marzocchi W, Mastellone M, Di Ruocco A, Novelli P, Romeo E, Gasparini P. Principles of multi-risk assessment: Interactions amongst natural and man-induced risks, 2009, Brussels: European Commission

[37] Muir, I., K. Ho, H. Sun, T. Hui, and Y. Koo. 2006. Quantitative risk assessment as applied to natural terrain landslide hazard management in a mid-levels catchment, Hong Kong. In Proceedings of Geoharzards, 18–21 June 2006, Lillehammer, Norway.

[38] O’Brien, J., and R. Garcia. 2009. FLO-2D reference manual, Vol. 2011. Nutrioso, AZ: FLO-2D Software Inc.

[39] O’Brien JS, Julien PY, Fullerton W. Two-dimensional water flood and mudflow simulation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1993, 119(2): 244-261

[40] Papathoma-Koehle M, Keiler M, Totschnig R, Glade T. Improvement of vulnerability curves using data from extreme events: Debris flow event in South Tyrol. Natural Hazards, 2012, 64(3): 2083-2105

[41] Papathoma-Köhle M, Gems B, Sturm M, Fuchs S. Matrices, curves and indicators: A review of approaches to assess physical vulnerability to debris flows. Earth-Science Reviews, 2017, 171: 272-288

[42] Papathoma-Köhle M, Kappes M, Keiler M, Glade T. Physical vulnerability assessment for alpine hazards: State of the art and future needs. Natural Hazards, 2011, 58(2): 645-680

[43] Polese M, Di Ludovico M, Prota A, Manfredi G. Damage-dependent vulnerability curves for existing buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2013, 42(6): 853-870

[44] Quan Luna B, Blahut J, Van Westen C, Sterlacchini S, van Asch TW, Akbas S. The application of numerical debris flow modelling for the generation of physical vulnerability curves. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2011, 11(7): 2047-2060

[45] Ribeiro FL, Barbosa AR, Neves LC. Application of reliability-based robustness assessment of steel moment resisting frame structures under post-mainshock cascading events. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2014

[46] Shi PJ. Theory and practice of disaster study. Journal of Natural Disasters, 1996, 5(4): 6-17 (in Chinese)

[47] Shi PJ. Theory on disaster science and disaster dynamics. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2002, 11(3): 1-9 (in Chinese)

[48] Sichuan Provincial Water Resources & Power Engineering Bureau Calculation manual of rainstorm flood in small and medium-sized watershed of Sichuan Province, 1986, Chengdu: Sichuan Water Conservancy and Electric Power Press (in Chinese)

[49] Suppasri A, Mas E, Charvet I, Gunasekera R, Imai K, Fukutani Y, Abe Y, Imamura F. Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami. Natural Hazards, 2013, 66(2): 319-341

[50] Tang C, Zhu J, Li W, Liang J. Rainfall-triggered debris flows following the Wenchuan Earthquake. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2009, 68(2): 187-194

[51] Tarvainen, T., J. Jarva, and S. Greiving. 2006. Spatial pattern of hazards and hazard interactions in Europe. Special Paper Geological Survey of Finland 42: Article 83.

[52] Tian S, Zhang J, Shi B, Zhang S. Evaluation of the benefits of facility for disaster mitigation based on the risk of debris flow. Landslides, 2022, 19(1): 85-97

[53] Tilloy, A., B.D. Malamud, H. Winter, and A. Joly-Laugel. 2019. A review of quantification methodologies for multi-hazard interrelationships. Earth-Science Reviews 196: Article 102881.

[54] Totschnig R, Sedlacek W, Fuchs S. A quantitative vulnerability function for fluvial sediment transport. Natural Hazards, 2011, 58(2): 681-703

[55] Vamvatsikos, D., L. Kouris, G. Panagopoulos, A. Kappos, E. Nigro, T. Rossetto, T. Lloyd, and T. Stathopoulos. 2010. Structural vulnerability assessment under natural hazards: A review. In Proceedings of COST Action C26 Final International Conference on Urban Habitat Construction Under Catastrophic Events, 16–18 September 2016, Naples, Italy.

[56] Vega JA, Hidalgo CA. Quantitative risk assessment of landslides triggered by earthquakes and rainfall based on direct costs of urban buildings. Geomorphology, 2016, 273: 217-235

[57] Vicente R, Parodi S, Lagomarsino S, Varum H, Silva J. Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment: Case study of the historic city centre of Coimbra, Portugal. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2011, 9(4): 1067-1096

[58] Vidic T, Fajfar P, Fischinger M. Consistent inelastic design spectra: Strength and displacement. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 1994, 23(5): 507-521

[59] Wang Z. A preliminary report on the Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2008, 7(2): 225-234

[60] Wang Y, Zhan Q, Han W. Stress-strain properties of viscous debris flow and determination of volocity parameter. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2003, 14(1): 9-13.

[61] Wen C. Generalized disaster, disaster chain and their prevention and control. Journal of Catastrophology, 2000, 15(4): 13-18.

[62] Zeng C. Vulnerability assessment of buildings to debris flow hazard, 2014, Chengdu, China: Ph.D. thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (in Chinese)

[63] Zeng C, He N, Song G. Analysis and assessment of methods to assess vulnerability of building in debris flow hazard. Advances in Earth Science, 2012, 27(11): 1211-1220 (in Chinese)

[64] Zhang X. Comparison of seismic response spectrum between Chinese seismic design code for buildings and Eurocode 8. Sichuan Building Science, 2012, 38(2): 183-186 (in Chinese)

[65] Zhang, J.Y., F. Jiang, X.Y. Guo, and L. Xu. 2009. Post-quake consideration of Beichuan County damage investigation and analysis. Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Technology 1: Article 10 (in Chinese).

[66] Zhang S, Zhang L, Li X, Xu Q. Physical vulnerability models for assessing building damage by debris flows. Engineering Geology, 2018, 247: 145-158