Human Mobility in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

Abstract

This article looks at how population movements are addressed by the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR), and highlights some of the potential implications of the SFDRR on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and mobility management work. The article looks at the operational implications of the SFDRR text and covers issues of including migrants in DRR work; informing urban development about current and future mobility trends; managing relocations, evacuations, and displacement to prevent future risks and reduce existing ones; and preparing for and managing disaster-induced population movements to reduce the direct and indirect impacts of natural hazards. Overall, the references to human mobility within the SFDRR show an evolution in the way the issue is considered within global policy dialogues. Both the potential of population movements to produce risk and their role in strengthening the resilience of people and communities are now clearly recognized. This is an evolution of previously prevailing views of mobility as the consequence of disasters or as a driver of risk. While some implications of the DRR-mobility nexus might still be missing from DRR policy, population movements are now recognized as a key global risk dynamic.

Keywords

Disaster risk reduction / Displacement / Human mobility / Migration / Relocation / Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction

References

[1] Abiola, F.A., A. Teko-Agbo, C. Biaou, and M. Niang. 2005. Socio-economic and animal health impact of transhumance. Conference OIE 2005: 105–119. http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d3248.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[2] Benavides AD. Four major disaster occurrences and the Spanish language media: A lack of risk communication. Disaster Prevention and Management, 2013, 22(1): 29-37

[3] Berry, L. 2008. The impact of environmental degradation on refugee-host relations: A case study from Tanzania. Research Paper No. 151, Geneva: The UN Refugee Agency. http://www.unhcr.org/47a315c72.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[4] Black R, Arnell NW, Adger WN, Thomas D, Geddes A. Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events. Environmental Science & Policy, 2012, 27(S1): S32-S43.

[5] Bolin B. Rodriguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR. Race, class, ethnicity, and disaster vulnerability. Handbook of disaster research, 2006, New York: Springer 113-129.

[6] Bronen R. Martin S, Weerasinghe S, Taylor A. Community relocations: The Arctic and South Pacific. Humanitarian crises and migration: Causes, consequences and responses, 2014, Abingdon: Routledge 221-242.

[7] Bronen, R. 2015. Climate-induced community relocations: Using integrated social-ecological assessments to foster adaptation and resilience. Ecology and Society 20(3): 36. doi:10.5751/ES-07801-200336.

[8] Brookings Institution. n.d. Planned relocations, disasters, and environmental change (including climate change). http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/idp/planned-relocations. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[9] Cantor DJ. Law, policy and practice concerning the humanitarian protection of aliens on a temporary basis in the context of disasters: States of the regional conference on migration and others in the Americas, 2014, Geneva: Nansen Initiative

[10] Castles S, Miller MJ. The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world, 2009 4 Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan

[11] CCCM (Camp Coordination and Camp Management) Cluster. 2014. The MEND guide: Comprehensive guide for planning mass evacuations in natural disasters. Geneva: Camp Coordination and Camp Management Cluster. http://www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[12] Chaudhary, V. 2015. Qatar refuses to let Nepalese workers return to attend funerals after quake. The Guardian. 24 May 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/24/qatar-denies-nepalese-world-cup-workers-leave-after-earthquakes. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[13] Christchurch City Council Best practice guidelines: Engaging with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities in times of disaster, 2012, Christchurch: Christchurch City Council

[14] Chun J. Planned relocations in the Mekong Delta: A successful model for climate change adaptation, a cautionary tale, or both?, 2015, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution

[15] Congress of the Philippines. 2009. Republic act 10022, The Philippines. http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010/ra_10022_2010.html. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[16] Esnard AM, Sapat A. Displaced by disaster: Recovery and resilience in a globalizing world, 2014, New York: Routledge

[17] Farrow D, Rutter A, Hurworth R. Evaluation of the inclusive emergency management with CALD communities program, 2009, Melbourne: Centre for Program Evaluation, The University of Melbourne

[18] Frayne B. Mougeot LJA. Survival of the poorest: Migration and food security in Namibia. Agropolis: The social, political and environmental dimensions of urban agriculture, 2005, London: Earthscan 31-50.

[19] Government of Nepal. 2014. Labour migration for employment: A status report for Nepal: 2013/2014. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Department of Foreign Employment. https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/MigrationReportbyGovernmentofNepal.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[20] Hyogo Prefecture Emergency Net. n.d. Multi-lingual emergency information system. http://bosai.net/e/index.do. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[21] IASC (Inter-Agency Standing Committee) IASC framework on durable solutions for internally displaced persons, 2011, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution

[22] IDMC (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre) Global estimates 2015: People displaced by disasters, 2015, Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre

[23] IDMC (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre). n.d. Global figures. http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-figures. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[24] INGC (Instituto Nacional de Gestão das Calamidades), Government of Botswana, Government of Namibia, IOM (International Organization for Migration) Training of trainers report: Capacity building as a disaster preparedness measure, reducing risk of population displacement in Southern Africa, 2013, Maputo: International Organization for Migration

[25] IOM (International Organization for Migration) Compendium of IOM’s activities on disaster risk reduction and resilience, 2013, Geneva: International Organization for Migration

[26] IOM (International Organization for Migration). 2015a. Human mobility: Shaping vulnerability and resilience to disasters. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/background-paper-for-HFA2-light.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[27] IOM (International Organization for Migration) World migration report 2015, 2015, Geneva: International Organization for Migration

[28] IOM (International Organization for Migration). 2015c. Mainstreaming migration at the local level: The case of Naga City, Philippines. Manila: International Organization for Migration. https://www.gfmd.org/files/documents/Mainstreaming_migration_in_Naga_City_Philippines.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[29] IOM (International Organization for Migration) Netherlands. 2015. Temporary return of qualified nationals (TRQN III). http://www.iom-nederland.nl/en/migration-and-development/81-migration-and-development/88-temporary-return-of-qualified-nationals-trqn-ii. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[30] IOM (International Organization for Migration) and Government of Nepal. 2011. Report on identification of open spaces for humanitarian purposes in Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu: International Organization for Migration and Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home Affairs.

[31] Juzwiak T, McGregor E, Siegel M. Migrant and refugee integration in global cities, the role of cities and business, 2014, The Hague: The Hague Process on Refugees and Migration

[32] Kelman I. Climate change and the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2015, 6(2): 117-127

[33] Koser K. Martin S, Weerasinghe S, Taylor A. Protecting non citizens in situations of conflict, violence and disaster. Humanitarian crises and migration: Causes, consequences and responses, 2014, Abingdon: Routledge 267-286.

[34] Laska S, Morrow B. Social vulnerabilities and Hurricane Katrina: An unnatural disaster in New Orleans. Marine Technology Society Journal, 2006, 40(3): 7-17.

[35] Le De L, Gaillard JC, Friesen W, Matautia Smith F. Remittances in the face of disasters: A case study of rural Samoa. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2015, 17(3): 653-672

[36] Lee M, Holme P. Relating land use and human intra-city mobility. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10(10): e0140152

[37] Long N. DeWind J, Holdaway J. Translocal livelihoods, networks of family and community and remittances in central Peru. Migration and development across borders: Research and policy perspectives on internal and international migration, 2008, Geneva and New York: International Organization for Migration and Social Science Research Council 37-68.

[38] Make the Road New York Unmet needs: Superstorm Sandy and immigrant communities in the metro New York area, 2012, New York: Make the Road New York

[39] Maribyrnong City Council. n.d. Emergency relief (evacuation) centres management guidelines for CALD groups. Maribyrnong, Victoria.

[40] Martinez, A., A. Hoff, and A. Núñez-Alvarez. 2009. Coming out of the dark: Emergency preparedness plan for farmworkers in San Diego County. San Marcos: National Latino Research Center, California State University. https://www.csusm.edu/nlrc/documents/report_archives/FW%20Emergency%20Plan%205%2017%2010.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[41] Mitchell M. Relocation after disaster: Engaging with insured residential property owners in Greater Christchurch’s land-damaged “residential red zone”, 2015, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution

[42] Mohapatra S, Joseph G, Ratha D. Remittances and natural disasters: Ex-post response and contribution to ex-ante preparedness, 2009, Washington, DC: The World Bank

[43] Murray, R., and S.P. Williamson. 2011. Migration as a tool for disaster recovery: A case study on U.S. policy options for post-earthquake Haiti. Working Paper 255, Washington, DC: Centre for Global Development. http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1425143_file_Murray_Williamson_disaster_recovery_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[44] NAO (National Audit Office) Consular services to British nationals, 2005, London: National Audit Office

[45] Oliver-Smith A, de Sherbinin A. Resettlement in the twenty-first century. Forced Migration Review, 2014, 45: 23-25.

[46] Østergaard-Nielsen E. Codevelopment and citizenship: The nexus between policies on local migrant incorporation and migrant transnational practices in Spain. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2011, 34(1): 20-39

[47] Rinke T. Gemenne F, Brücker P, Ionesco D. Temporary and circular labor migration between Spain and Colombia. The state of environmental migration 2011, 2012, Paris and Geneva: Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations and International Organization for Migration 25-34.

[48] Robinson, D. 2015. Resilience and immigration: A Bristol perspective. Presentation at the Big Ideas Webinar “Migration and the Resilient City: Bristol”. http://citiesofmigration.ca/webinar/resilientcity/. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[49] Sall, B. 2005. Migration, remittances and economic initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Migration, remittances and development, 265–278. Paris: OECD Publishing.

[50] Sathish, V.M. 2015. UAE exchange waives fee on Nepal remittances. Emirates News 24/7, 29 April 2015. http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-exchange-waives-fee-on-nepal-remittances-2015-04-29-1.589056. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[51] Scheffran J, Marmer E, Sow P. Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and co-development in northwest Africa. Applied Geography, 2012, 33: 119-127

[52] SEDESOL (Secretaria de Desarrollo Social Mexico). n.d. 3x1 para migrantes. http://www.3x1.sedesol.gob.mx/. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[53] Shepherd J, van Vuuren K. The Brisbane flood: CALD gatekeepers’ risk communication role. Disaster Prevention and Management, 2014, 23(4): 469-483

[54] Sherwood A, Bradley M, Rossi L, Gitau R, Mellicker B. Supporting durable solutions to urban, post-disaster displacement: Challenges and opportunities in Haiti, 2014, Washington, DC and Geneva: The Brookings Institution and International Organization for Migration

[55] Sherwood A, Bradley M, Rossi L, Gitau R, Mellicker B. Resolving post-disaster displacement: Insights from the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), 2015, Washington, DC and Geneva: The Brookings Institution and International Organization for Migration

[56] Tacoli C. Martine G, Schensul D. Migration as a response to local and global transformations: A typology of mobility in the context of climate change. The demography of adaptation to climate change, 2013, New York, London and Mexico City: United Nations Population Fund, International Institute for Environment and Development and El Colegio de México 41-54.

[57] Tochigi International Association. n.d. Disaster prevention information for foreign residents. http://tia21.or.jp/disaster_eng.html. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[58] Trung Son Hydropower. 2009. Resettlement livelihoods and ethnic minorities development program. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTVIETNAM/Resources/TrungSonRLDPmainreportfordisclosure.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[59] UN (United Nations). 2015a. Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. A/RES/70/1. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[60] UN (United Nations). 2015b. Adoption of the Paris agreement. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[61] UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2013. International migration report 2013. New York: United Nations. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/migration/migrationreport2013/Full_Document_final.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[62] UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) Human development report 2009: Overcoming barriers, human mobility and development, 2009, New York: United Nations

[63] UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction) Hyogo framework for action 2005–2015, 2005, Geneva: United Nations

[64] UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction). 2015a. Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030. Geneva: United Nations. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[65] UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction) Global assessment report 2015, 2015, Geneva: United Nations

[66] USCIS (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services). 2012. USCIS reminds individuals affected by Hurricane Sandy of temporary immigration relief measures. Press note. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. http://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/special-situations/previous-special-situations/uscis-reminds-individuals-affected-hurricane-sandy-temporary-immigration-relief-measures. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[67] Venet, F. 2006. Assistance to migrants during and after the emergency and access to employment opportunities (Atención a migrantes durante y después de la emergencia y oportunidad de acceso de trabajo). Seminario Taller Internacional, Riesgo de desastres y migración. Propuestas para el abordaje de la problema. Grupo Guatemala México Migración Y Desarrollo.

[68] Weerasinghe S, Taylor A. On the margins: Noncitizens caught in countries experiencing violence, conflict and disaster. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 2015, 3(1): 26-57

[69] World Bank. 2010. Haiti remittances key to earthquake recovery. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2010/05/17/haiti-remittances-key-to-earthquake-recovery. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.

[70] Xin L, Bengtsson L, Holme P. Predictability of population displacement after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. PNAS, 2012, 1009(29): 11570-11581.

[71] Yonetani, M., and L. Yuen. 2014. The evolving picture of displacement in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan: An evidence-based overview. Manila: Government of the Philippines, Department of Social Welfare and Development, International Organization for Migration, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre and SAS. http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/Country/docs/The-Evolving-Picture-of-Displacement-in-the-Wake-of-Typhoon-Haiyan.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.