The Space Infrastructure Vulnerability Cadastre: Orbital Debris Critical Loads
Adrian V. Gheorghe , Daniel E. Yuchnovicz
International Journal of Disaster Risk Science ›› 2015, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (4) : 359 -371.
The Space Infrastructure Vulnerability Cadastre: Orbital Debris Critical Loads
Orbital debris from over 50 years of human activity in space are threatening the operations of existing and future satellites and the sustainability of high-value satellite orbits. This technical memorandum calls for the development of a cadastre that depicts the vulnerability of critical satellite orbits to accumulating orbital debris. A space infrastructure vulnerability cadastre could serve as a governance tool for use by developers and operators of critical space infrastructures to better communicate the current and future vulnerability of high-value orbits to the accumulation of orbital debris. These high-value orbits are susceptible to “loss” for decades or centuries if generation of orbital debris continues unabated. The concept of environmental critical loads is applied to heavily used orbits as a way to indicate acceptable debris density for satellite operations, and when debris density / risk thresholds approach unacceptable levels that reduce the probability of sustaining spacecraft operations in those orbits.
Orbital debris / Satellite orbits / Space cadastre / Space infrastructure
| [1] |
|
| [2] |
Berger, B. 2015. Battery likely caused explosion aboard military weather sat. Space News, 3 March 2015. http://spacenews.com/battery-likely-the-culprit-in-military-weather-satellite-explosion/. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [3] |
de Selding, P.B. 2015. News from the ITU symposium on small satellite regulation. Space News, March 16. http://www.spacenews.com. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [4] |
DHS (Department of Homeland Security) Communications sector-specific plan: An annex to the national infrastructure protection plan, 2010, Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security |
| [5] |
DHS (Department of Homeland Security). 2013. Critical infrastructure. http://www.dhs.gov/critical-infrastructure. Accessed 29 Oct 2013. |
| [6] |
Enviropedia. 2013. Critical loads. http://www.enviropedia.org.uk/Acid_Rain/Critical_Loads.php. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [7] |
|
| [8] |
Gheorghe, A.V., and D.V. Vamanu. 2005. Disaster risk and vulnerability management from awareness to practice. In Integrated risk and vulnerability management assisted by decision support systems, vol. 8 of the series Topics in Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, ed. A.V. Gheorghe, 1–321. Dordrecht: Springer. |
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
GlobalSecurity. 2011. Orbital debris. http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/intro/debris.htm. Accessed 14 Apr 2015. |
| [11] |
|
| [12] |
IADC (Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee). 2007. Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) space debris mitigation guidelines update. Presentation, Working Group 4: Mitigation. Cologne: IADC. http://www.iadc-online.org/index.cgi?item=docs_pub. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [13] |
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) Manual for the classification and prioritization of risks due to major accidents in process and related industries, 1996, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency |
| [14] |
|
| [15] |
|
| [16] |
Kessler, D.J., N.L. Johnson, J.-C. Liou, and M. Matney. 2010. The Kessler syndrome: Implications to future space operations. 33rd Annual American Astronomical Society Guidance and Control Conference, AAS 10–16. Breckenridge: American Astronautical Society Publications Office. |
| [17] |
NADP (National Atmospheric Deposition Program). 2013. Critical loads. http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/Studies/criticalLoads/docs/brochure_criticalloads_final.pdf. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [18] |
NASA APPEL (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Academy of Program/Project & Engineering Leadership). 2012. APPEL releases orbital debris iBook. http://appel.nasa.gov/knowledge-sharing/publications/appel-releases-ibook-html/. Accessed 15 Sept 2015. |
| [19] |
NASA ODPO (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Office). 2007. Chinese anti-satellite test creates most severe orbital debris cloud in history. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News 11(2): 2–3. http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv11i2.pdf. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [20] |
NASA ODPO (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Office). 2009. NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/protect/collision_avoidance.html. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [21] |
NASA ODPO (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Office). 2011. An update on LEO environment remediation with active debris removal. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News 15(2): 4–6. http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv15i2.pdf. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [22] |
NASA ODPO (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Office). 2012. Status of three major debris clouds. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News 16(3): 2. http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv16i3.pdf. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [23] |
NASA ODPO (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Office). 2014a. Monthly number of objects in Earth orbit by object type. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News 18(1): 10. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [24] |
NASA ODPO (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Office). 2014b. Spatial density distributions of the tracked objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) for 1 January 2007 and 1 January 2014. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News 18(2): 10. http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv18i2.pdf. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [25] |
NASA ODPO (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Office). 2015a. Monthly effective mass of objects in Earth orbit by region. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News 19(1): 9. http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv19i1.pdf. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [26] |
NASA ODPO (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Office). 2015b. International Space Station performs fourth and fifth debris avoidance maneuvers of 2014. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Quarterly News 19(1): 1. http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv19i1.pdf. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [27] |
NASA OSMA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Safety and Mission Assurance). 2009. NASA procedural requirements for limiting orbital debris (w/change 1 - 5/14/09). NPR 8715.6A, Washington DC: NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance (OSMA). |
| [28] |
Schmieer, M. 2015. Inventory of space based assets (infrastructures and services) to be classified as part of a critical infrastructure. Ispra, Italy: Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, European Commission Joint Research Center. |
| [29] |
SIA (Satellite Industry Association) State of the satellite industry report, May 2012, 2012, Washington, DC: Satellite Industry Association |
| [30] |
SIA (Satellite Industry Association). 2014. State of the satellite industry report. http://www.sia.org/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/. Accessed 8 Dec 2015. |
| [31] |
SIA (Satellite Industry Association) State of the satellite industry report, September 2015, 2015, Washington, DC: Satellite Industry Association |
| [32] |
SSI (Space Security Index). 2014. Space security index, ed. C. Jaramillo. http://spacesecurityindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Space-Security-Index-2014.pdf. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [33] |
Stansbery, E.G., and M.J. Matney. 2014. NASA orbital debris engineering model ORDEM 3.0—User’s guide. Houston, TX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Orbital Debris Program Office. http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-2014-217370.pdf. Accessed 16 Apr 2015. |
| [34] |
|
| [35] |
WHO (World Health Organization). 2000. Air quality guidelines for Europe. 2nd edn. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen. http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Js13481e/. Accessed 29 Apr 2013. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |