Cannabis sativa: origin and history, glandular trichome development, and cannabinoid biosynthesis

Abstract

Is Cannabis a boon or bane? Cannabis sativa has long been a versatile crop for fiber extraction (industrial hemp), traditional Chinese medicine (hemp seeds), and recreational drugs (marijuana). Cannabis faced global prohibition in the twentieth century because of the psychoactive properties of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol; however, recently, the perspective has changed with the recognition of additional therapeutic values, particularly the pharmacological potential of cannabidiol. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanism of cannabinoid biosynthesis is necessary to cultivate and promote globally the medicinal application of Cannabis resources. Here, we comprehensively review the historical usage of Cannabis, biosynthesis of trichome-specific cannabinoids, regulatory network of trichome development, and synthetic biology of cannabinoids. This review provides valuable insights into the efficient biosynthesis and green production of cannabinoids, and the development and utilization of novel Cannabis varieties.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82204579), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2572022DX06), the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Science (CI2021A04113), and Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program (Tree Genetics and Breeding Innovation Team).

Author contributions

Z.X., W.S., and S.C. designed and coordinated the review. Z.X. structured, drafted, and revised the manuscript. Y.M, L.K., and M.G. revised the manuscript. S.C., W.C., and X.M. contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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